Guide · 551 topics
Normal Physiology: Class Topics
Concise topic reviews following the medical school curriculum: definitions, key facts, morphology, and common questions for classes and exams. Find the topic matching your syllabus.
Physiology concepts 62
Persistent depolarization blockpersistent depolarization inhibitionInotropic effectinotropyDromotropic effectdromotropyChronotropic effectchronotropyТХА2thromboxane A2OsmoreceptorsosmoreceptorsProopiomelanocortin (POMC)POMCThyrotropin-releasing hormoneTRHRAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)RAASTissue thromboplastintissue factorAbsolute refractory periodabsolute refractory periodPhysiology of excitable tissuesEPSPEPSPInhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)IPSPHyperpolarization inhibitionhyperpolarization inhibitionHypothalamushypothalamusCorticotropin-releasing hormoneCRHVasomotor centervasomotor centerVasomotor center (VMC)vasomotor centerFibrinfibrinRepolarizationrepolarizationSinoatrial nodesinoatrial nodeAction potential plateauplateau phaseSarcomeresarcomerePurkinje cellsPurkinje cellsZona fasciculata of adrenal cortexzona fasciculataAlveolar macrophagespulmonary macrophagesBundle branch blockPulse wavepulse waveCoronary sinussinus coronariusSomatomedinIGF-1EndothelinendothelinBradycardiabradycardiaTroponintroponinTachycardiatachycardiaAtrioventricular nodeatrioventricular nodeGlucocorticoidsglucocorticoidsMethemoglobinmethaemoglobinANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)ANPVentromedial hypothalamusventromedial hypothalamusMineralocorticoidsmineralocorticoidsESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)BradykininbradykininMotor unitmotor unitMiosismiosisSolitary tract nucleusNTSNeurohypophysisneurohypophysisPreganglionic fiberpreganglionic fiberAdenohypophysisadenohypophysisDiastolic soundS2Sympathetic nervous systemsympathetic nervous systemReleasing hormonesreleasing hormonesParasympathetic nervous systemparasympathetic nervous systemCRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)CRHPostganglionic fiberpostganglionic fiberParaventricular nucleusnucleus paraventricularisSuprachiasmatic nucleinucleus suprachiasmaticusMydriasismydriasisGonadoliberinGnRHCortisolcortisolGigantismFibrin and fibrinogen degradation productsfibrin degradation products
General Properties, pp. 13-16 4
Hunger, Appetite, and Satiety 9
Respiration 15
Physical properties of respiratory gasesPulmonary volumes and capacitiesBiomechanics of respirationAlveolar ventilation and surfactantDiffusion and gas exchange in the lungsOxygen transport by bloodCarbon dioxide transport by bloodGas exchange in tissuesRespiratory centerNeurohumoral regulation of respirationMechanism of the newborn's first breathHigh-altitude hypoxiaFunctional respiratory systemRespiration at low atmospheric pressureRespiration at high atmospheric pressure
Excretion 12
Digestion 29
General principles of digestionRegulation of digestive tract functionsMethods for investigating the digestive tractDigestion in the oral cavitySwallowing and esophagusGastric digestionHydrochloric acid secretionPhases of gastric secretionInhibition of gastric secretionGastric motilityDigestion in the duodenumBile formation and excretionMetabolism in the gastrointestinal tractSmall intestine secretion and motilityAbsorption in the gastrointestinal tractLipid and protein hydrolysisAct of defecationRegulation of pancreatic secretionLiver functionsBileBilisEnterohepatic circulation of bile acidsDigestion in the small intestineIntestinal motilityDigestion in the large intestineAbsorption in the gastrointestinal tractWater and electrolyte absorptionAbsorption of proteins, fats, and carbohydratesGastrointestinal microfloraDefecation
Additional Topics 50
Physiology of digestionPhysiology of the integral organismDepolarizationReceptors and target cellsBlood circulationBlood groups and Rh factorMethods of physiological researchPavlov's physiology of higher nervous activityElectrical axis of the heartNormal heart rate on ECGAtrial rhythmHeart rate variabilityECG in hyperkalemiaEndogenous creatinine clearancePhysiology of sensory systems: vision and hearingOxygen therapyAtrioventricular block on ECGHeart blocksBiofeedback methodAction potential and calcium channelsNormal blood leukocyte countMedicinal electrophoresisPhysical factors in physiotherapyPhysiology of the skinHistory of physiologyMuscle biomechanicsElectrocardiography as a research methodMagnetotherapyProperties of excitable tissuesPhysiology of bloodNerve excitationStimulation in physiologyNutrition physiologyAnatomy and physiology of the visual organSubject and tasks of physiologyPhysiology of ReproductionEvolutionary PhysiologyCarbon Dioxide Gas ExchangeIntraventricular ConductionCardiac PacemakersProprioceptors and Muscle SpindlesCell PhysiologyAge-Related PhysiologyPhysiology of Growth and DevelopmentPhysiology of Motor SystemsNormal ECG: Sinus Rhythm and Electrical AxisPhysiology of the Nose and Paranasal SinusesEstrogens: Physiology and EffectsScar Pattern on ECGPhysiology of the Maxillofacial Region
Regulation of Water-Electrolyte Balance 8
Blood Osmotic and Oncotic PressureFunctional System of Osmotic Pressure RegulationOsmoreceptors and OsmoreceptionMechanism of ThirstHormonal Regulation of Water and Electrolyte BalanceRegulation of Salt Balance and Blood VolumeWater Balance and Transcapillary Water ExchangeWater-Electrolyte Balance Disorders
Structural and functional organization of analyzers 7
Structural and Functional Organization of Sensory SystemsAfferenation: Situational, Trigger, and FeedbackStructure of the Sensory System according to I.P. PavlovClassification and Mechanisms of Receptor FunctionProperties of ReceptorsPathway and Central Divisions of Sensory SystemsThresholds and Laws of Perception
Metabolism and Energy 14
Metabolism and energyRegulation of Water MetabolismCarbohydrate MetabolismLipid MetabolismBrown Adipose TissueTextus adiposus fuscusCholesterol and Lipoprotein MetabolismProtein MetabolismEnergy MetabolismCalorimetryBasal Metabolic RateEnergy Expenditure during Physical and Mental ActivityBasics of NutritionEnergy BalanceNutrient Depots
Thermoregulation 11
Thermoregulation: General ConceptsFunctional System of ThermoregulationBody Temperature Distribution: Core and ShellPhysiological Fluctuations of Body TemperatureThermoreceptorsThermoregulatory CentersHeat ProductionHeat LossTemperature Regulation under Different ConditionsThermoregulation Disorders: Hyperthermia and HypothermiaRespiratory Physiology
Visual analyzer 7
Innate and Acquired Behavior 3
Muscle Contraction 10
Lability of excitable tissuesMuscle fiber typesProperties and functions of skeletal musclesTypes of muscle contractionsSummation of muscle contractions and tetanusMotor unitsMuscle fatigue and energeticsMolecular mechanism of muscle contractionLaw of medium loadsContraction of smooth muscle tissueTextus muscularis glaber
General properties, membrane potentials, laws of stimulation, excitability, and inhibition 7
Excitation Conduction and Synaptic Transmission 6
Secretion and Reception 3
Correlation, regulation, reflexes, self-organization, self-regulation, functional systems 5
General Physiology of the CNS 10
Nerve centersMechanisms of neuronal interactionInhibition in the central nervous systemSechenov inhibitionMethods for studying the central nervous systemElectroencephalographyInstrumental methods for studying brain functionMethods for visualizing cerebral blood flow and metabolismMethods for active brain stimulationPhysiology of nervous processes
Specialized Physiology of the Central Nervous System 17
Physiology of the spinal cordMedulla spinalisSpinal cord reflexesPhysiology of the medulla oblongata and ponsMedulla oblongata et PonsPhysiology of the midbrainMesencephalonRegulation of muscle tone and posturePhysiology of the cerebellumCerebellumPhysiology of the reticular formationFormatio reticularisPhysiology of the hypothalamusHypothalamusPhysiology of the limbic systemSystema limbicumPhysiology of the thalamusThalamusPhysiology of the basal gangliaNuclei basalesPhysiology of the cerebral cortexCortex cerebriPhysiology of behavior and learningMotor cortexCortex motoriusFrontal and parietal lobes of the cortexLobus frontalis et lobus parietalisOccipital and temporal lobes of the cortexLobus occipitalis et lobus temporalisAssociation cortex
Autonomic Nervous System 14
Functional organization of the cortex and hemispheric asymmetryGeneral characteristics of the autonomic nervous systemSystema nervosum autonomicumMorphology of the parasympathetic nervous systemPars parasympathicaMorphology of the sympathetic nervous systemPars sympathicaComparison of the somatic and autonomic nervous systemsCentral regulation of autonomic functions and autonomic toneMediators and receptors of the autonomic nervous systemEffects of the autonomic nervous system on organs and tissuesPhysiology of the parasympathetic nervous systemPhysiology of the sympathetic nervous systemAdaptive-trophic function of the sympathetic nervous systemInteraction between divisions of the autonomic nervous systemMetasympathetic nervous systemAutonomic reflexes and reflex arcs
Body Fluid Compartments and Homeostasis 1
Hormonal regulation of physiological functions 19
Hormones: definition, classification, and mechanisms of actionEndocrine glands and sources of hormonesChemical structure and synthesis of hormonesSecretion and circulation of hormonesModes of hormonal signalingHormone receptorsHypothalamic-pituitary systemPosterior pituitary hormonesAnterior pituitary hormones: Growth hormone and prolactinAdrenocortical hormones and ACTHAdrenal medullary hormonesThyroid hormonesHormonal regulation of calcium metabolismPancreatic hormonesSex hormones and the reproductive systemPhysiology of stress and adaptationEndocrine functions of the kidneys, heart, and other organsPhysiology of organs and organ systemsThyroid hormones and their physiological role
Vascular Bed Hemodynamics 25
Depressor reflexBainbridge reflexBasics of hemodynamicsVascular resistanceBlood flow velocityBernoulli's principle and blood pressureBlood pressure fluctuationsMorphofunctional classification of blood vesselsArterial pulsePulsusPlethysmographyBlood flow regimesFactors driving blood flowMicrocirculationRegulation of vascular toneHumoral factors in vascular regulationPulmonary circulationCerebral circulationBaroreceptorsMicrocirculation and transvascular exchangeLymphatic systemCoronary circulationPulmonary CirculationFunctional system for blood pressure regulationRegulation of vascular tone and cardiac activityProstaglandins in circulatory regulation
Blood 29
Blood as a systemBlood volumeBlood plasmaBlood pressureHematocrit and blood viscosityFunctional system for circulating blood volume regulationHypovolemiaHemopoiesisErythrocytesHemoglobinErythrocyte sedimentation rateErythropoiesis and erythrocyte destructionLeukocytesTypes of leukocytesPlateletsRegulation of acid-base balanceBlood buffer systemsPhysiological mechanisms of pH regulationHemostasisBlood coagulation factorsPrimary (platelet-vascular) hemostasisCoagulation hemostasisFibrinolysisAnticoagulantsBlood groupsRhesus systemBlood transfusionEndocrine regulationClot retraction and fibrinolysis
Cardiac Physiology 25
Cardiac cycleCardiac automatismStannius ligaturesAction potential of a typical cardiomyocyteSlow diastolic depolarizationExcitation conduction in the heartElectrocardiographyECG waves and segmentsAtrial functionVentricular systoleVentricular diastoleIntracardiac pressureValvular apparatus of the heartParameters of cardiac pumping functionHeart soundsFeatures of myocardial contractionExtrasystoleRegulation of cardiac activityPhases of the cardiac cycleCardiac hemodynamicsPhonocardiographyPhysiological properties of the myocardiumExtrasystoleRegulation of cardiac activityMyocardial Repolarization on ECG
Inhibition of Conditioned Reflex Activity 5
System Architecture of Behavioral Acts 8
General Principles of Behavioral Organization 11
Functional systems of behaviorUnconditioned reflexesConditioned reflexesMechanisms of temporary connection formationConvergent theory of the conditioned reflexReflex of purposeSystemic principle of behavioral organizationStatokinetic reflexesReverse afferentationArchitecture of the behavioral actTheory of functional systems
Motor organization 20
Organization of movementsMotor unitsMuscle spindles and tendon organsSpinal reflexesMuscle toneSegmental apparatus of the spinal cordPostural regulation and brainstem reflexesDecerebrate rigidityExtrapyramidal system and descending pathwaysCerebellumCerebellumBasal nucleiNuclei basalesMotor cortexCortex motoriusFormation of voluntary movementsElectrophysiology of the motor actMotor skillGustatory analyzerPhysiology of speechAction result acceptor in the motor actPhysiology of walkingPhysiology of muscle contraction
Motivations 12
MotivationsTypes of motivationsFormation of motivationsTheories of motivationMotivational centers of the hypothalamusNeurophysiological mechanisms of motivationProperties and structure of motivational excitationChemical specificity of motivationsCortico-subcortical integration in motivationMotivation and memoryFunctional system of the behavioral actPathological motivations
Memory 21
Memory in physiologyTypes of memoryStages of memorySensory memoryShort-term memoryReverberation of excitationPapez circuitBrain structures and memoryMechanisms of short-term memoryPost-tetanic potentiationLong-term memoryMorphological theories of memoryGlial and mediator theories of memoryMolecular theory of memoryMemory proteinsNeuropeptides and memoryImmunological theory of memoryMemory engramHolographic hypothesis of memoryProcess of memorizationRecall of memory traces
Emotions 16
EmotionsBiological theory of emotionsEmotional appetiteInformational theory of emotionsCortical theory of emotionsKlüver-Bucy syndromePeripheral theory of emotionsLimbic systemSystema limbicumThalamic theory of emotionsGenesis of emotional statesDynamics of emotion formationPeripheral components of emotionsNegative emotions and psychosomaticsEmotional stressIntegrative theory of emotionsRole of the temporal cortex in memory
Pain 10
Systemic Organization of Human Mental Activity 17
Systemic organization of mental activityMechanisms of hyperalgesia and antianalgesiaFormation of motivation and behaviorStage of afferent synthesisSystemic quantization of mental activityRole of emotions in mental activityCognitive activityStages of action formation and executionAgnosiaAphasiaDisorders in parietal cortex lesionsMechanisms of control and self-regulation of thinkingSpeech development and systemogenesis of cognitive activityPhysiology of phrase articulationHemispheric asymmetry and speech functionsCreative activityProgramming of cognitive activity
Human Labor Activity 12
Human labor activityMotivation and programming in laborDynamic stereotype and work rhythmEnergy supply of laborWork capacity and fatigueSystemic factors of labor activityMethods for studying work movementsFunctional systems in the labor processRegistration of physiological parameters in laborInfluence of qualification on physiological processesEmotional stress in workersAssessment and correction of functions during labor
Human Reproductive Functions 6
Sleep 11
Sleep: physiological significance and objective signsChanges in higher nervous activity and behavior during sleepEEG during sleepParadoxical (rapid eye movement) sleepSleep cycles and dreamsHumoral and vascular theories of sleepCentral theories of sleep (cortical and subcortical)Sensory and brainstem mechanisms of sleepCortico-subcortical interactions in the sleep-wake cycleNeurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of sleepSleep disorders
Blog posts: Physiology
8 articlesPhysiology
Blood Groups and Rh Factor: Compatibility, Inheritance, and Transfusion Rules in Tables
ABO blood groups and Rh factor: antigens and antibodies, erythrocyte and plasma compatibility tables, inheritance, pre-transfusion testing, and Rh incompatibility.
October 10, 20265 minPhysiologyAction potential: phases, ion channels, and conduction
Action potential: phases (depolarization, repolarization), Na/K/Ca ion currents, propagation, saltatory conduction, and clinical aspects of arrhythmias and epilepsies.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyGas exchange in the lungs: diffusion, V/Q ratio, and gas transport
Gas exchange in the lungs: diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane, V/Q ratio, O₂ and CO₂ transport, alveolar gas equation, and A-a gradient.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyRenal physiology: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, concentration
Renal physiology: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion by nephron segment, countercurrent multiplier mechanism, regulation by RAAS, ADH, ANP, and acid-base balance.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyAutonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, α/β- and M/N-receptors, effects on organs, agonists and blockers as therapeutic targets.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyHemostasis: Primary, Secondary, Fibrinolysis, and Clinical Aspects
Hemostasis: primary (platelet), secondary (coagulation), fibrinolysis; cascade, laboratory monitoring (INR, aPTT, anti-Xa), and main coagulopathies.
April 11, 20265 minMaster the entire topic in the "Physiology" course
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