Blog for Medical Students
Topic breakdowns for medical school subjects, preparation for exams and accreditation, clinical case discussions, and an honest look at AI in studying: where it helps and where it makes mistakes.
New Articles
Lecture Flashcards: How to Turn a Lecture into Short, Review-Based Lessons
How to turn a lecture (file, audio, video, text) into a series of short lessons with questions and spaced repetition: step-by-step, a pharmacology example, and a comparison with Anki.
October 10, 20265 minStudies and ExamsUSMLE Step 1 for a Student from Russia: Exam Structure, AnKing Decks, and Ready-Made Tracks
USMLE Step 1 from Russia: Exam format, what AnKing, Mehlman, and FA Rapid Review are, ready-made tracks in English, and a 6–9 month study plan while in medical school.
October 10, 20265 minNeurologyNeurology Case Studies with Answers: How to Solve Them and Where to Practice
Neurology case studies with answers and step-by-step breakdowns: topical diagnosis algorithm, 4 examples, typical mistakes, and a trainer with 90 cases.
October 10, 20265 minAll Articles
131 articlesLecture Flashcards: How to Turn a Lecture into Short, Review-Based Lessons
How to turn a lecture (file, audio, video, text) into a series of short lessons with questions and spaced repetition: step-by-step, a pharmacology example, and a comparison with Anki.
October 10, 20265 minStudies and ExamsUSMLE Step 1 for a Student from Russia: Exam Structure, AnKing Decks, and Ready-Made Tracks
USMLE Step 1 from Russia: Exam format, what AnKing, Mehlman, and FA Rapid Review are, ready-made tracks in English, and a 6–9 month study plan while in medical school.
October 10, 20265 minNeurologyNeurology Case Studies with Answers: How to Solve Them and Where to Practice
Neurology case studies with answers and step-by-step breakdowns: topical diagnosis algorithm, 4 examples, typical mistakes, and a trainer with 90 cases.
October 10, 20265 minStudies and Exams2026 Accreditation Tests: Exam Structure and How to Prepare Using the Practice Simulator
Primary Accreditation 2026: Stages, passing score, where the tests come from, how to solve 80 questions in 60 minutes, and an 8-week preparation plan using the simulator.
October 10, 20265 minStudies and ExamsOSCE Stations in Primary Accreditation: Station List, Checklists, and How to Practice
OSCE stations by specialty, how to read a station passport and checklist, breakdown of CPR and emergency care, common reasons for point deductions, and how to practice without a simulation center.
October 10, 20265 minNeural Networks and AIAI via Task Photo: How to Photograph a Test or Case Study and Get a Breakdown
How to get a breakdown of an assignment from a photo or screenshot: what AI can do, where it makes mistakes, and how to verify the answer using a question bank and clinical guidelines.
October 10, 20265 minNeural Networks and AIAnswers to Medical School Exam Questions: How to Compile Your Own File in an Hour and Learn It
How to compile a question-and-answer file in two formats from a list of exam questions, where to find sources, how to verify them, and how to learn 120 questions in two weeks.
October 10, 20264 minLatinLatin for Medical Students: How to Master Terms, Prescriptions, and Phrases in a Semester
Latin for medical students: three terminology subsystems, accent and agreement rules, prescription writing, 40 phraseological units, practice tools, and a semester plan.
October 10, 20265 minStudies and ExamsMedical English: How to Learn to Speak, Not Just Read Articles
How a medical student can start speaking English: differences in medical English, 6 scenarios for practice, voice practice in Telegram, and a 3-month plan.
October 10, 20264 minStudies and ExamsCore Subjects by Faculty: Differences for Pediatrics, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Public Health
How core subjects differ across the pediatric, dental, preventive medicine, and pharmacy faculties, and where to find study guides tailored to your specialty.
October 10, 20264 minPediatricsHeart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Respiratory Rate in Children: Age Norms Table and Calculation Formulas
Norms for heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in children from birth to 15 years in tables, blood pressure calculation formulas, and when a deviation is physiological versus when an evaluation is required.
October 10, 20265 minPediatricsTeething Timeline: Primary and Permanent Teeth in Tables, Formulas, and Deviations
Primary and permanent teething timelines in tables, sequence, formulas for calculating tooth count, WHO dental formula, signs of delayed eruption, and when it is dangerous.
October 10, 20264 minPhysiologyBlood Groups and Rh Factor: Compatibility, Inheritance, and Transfusion Rules in Tables
ABO blood groups and Rh factor: antigens and antibodies, erythrocyte and plasma compatibility tables, inheritance, pre-transfusion testing, and Rh incompatibility.
October 10, 20265 minAnatomyPulmonary Segments: Diagram, Lobe Table, and Radiographic Projection
Segments of the right and left lungs: lobe-by-lobe table, anatomical differences, radiographic projections, and typical localization of tuberculosis, pneumonia, and aspiration.
October 10, 20264 minPediatricsFormulas in Pediatrics: Calculating Weight, Height, Head/Chest Circumferences, and Child Feeding Volume
Pediatric formulas in one place: weight and age-appropriate height, head and chest circumferences, feeding volume (Finkelstein, volume-based, and calorie-based methods), protein, and fluids.
October 10, 20266 minNeural Networks and AIAI in Medicine: Examples, Pros and Cons, Ethics, and the Future
AI in medicine: 11 areas of application with real-world examples, pros and cons, ethical issues, the Russian experience, whether AI will replace doctors, and a ready-made presentation outline.
September 29, 202611 minNeural Networks and AIChatGPT and Claude According to Russian Clinical Guidelines
How to make ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity, and Alice answer based on the clinical guidelines of the Russian Ministry of Health: a ready-made prompt, sources, and an MCP connector.
September 29, 202612 minNeural Networks and AIOpenEvidence Alternative in Russia: What It Is and How to Replace It
An OpenEvidence alternative for doctors in Russia: what OpenEvidence is, why it is inconvenient to use, and how to get answers based on the Russian Ministry of Health clinical guidelines with citations.
September 29, 20268 minNeural Networks and AIChatGPT for Medical Professionals: Where It Helps, Where It's Dangerous, and How to Replace It
ChatGPT for students and doctors: where it genuinely helps in studying, why it makes mistakes in dosages and references, whether it is available in Russia, and how to replace it.
September 29, 20268 minNeural Networks and AIGigaChat and YandexGPT for Medicine: Capabilities and Pitfalls
GigaChat and YandexGPT in medicine: which medical tasks can be delegated to Russian neural networks without a VPN, where they make mistakes, and how to verify answers against clinical guidelines.
September 29, 20268 minNeural Networks and AICase History via Neural Network: Outline, Example, and Verification Against Clinical Guidelines
Case history via neural network: classical outline for a student case history, section-by-section example, cross-checking with clinical guidelines and ICD-10, medical confidentiality, and how to defend your work.
September 29, 202610 minNeural Networks and AIHow to Make Lecture Notes Using AI: Audio, Video, PDF
How to make lecture notes using AI: from a lecture recording, YouTube video, notebook photo, PDF, or text. Step-by-step instructions, a sample result, and how to study from the notes.
September 29, 20268 minNeural Networks and AIAI for Accreditation Preparation: Tests, Case Studies, OSCE
AI for accreditation preparation: how primary accreditation is structured, how to analyze tests, solve case studies, and prepare for OSCE stations with AI.
September 29, 20269 minNeural Networks and AIAI for Scientific Literature Search: PubMed and Article Analysis
AI for literature search: how to search PubMed using MeSH and filters, how to read an article (RR, OR, CI, p-value), and how to verify AI citations using PMID and DOI.
September 29, 20269 minNeural Networks and AIAI for Medical School Exam Preparation: Day-by-Day Study Plan
AI for medical school exam preparation: day-by-day plan, working with exam tickets, practicing oral answers aloud, and spaced repetition. What AI does versus what is left up to you.
September 29, 20269 minNeural Networks and AIAI for Cheat Sheets: How to Create a Medical Cheat Sheet
AI for Medical Cheat Sheets: How to Make an Exam Cheat Sheet, Glasgow Coma Scale and Congenital Heart Disease Examples, and the Difference Between Cheat Sheets and Flashcards.
September 29, 20267 minNeural Networks and AIAI for Medical Students: Capabilities and Selection Guide
AI for Medical Students: Syllabus Queries, Study Notes, Cheat Sheets, Presentations, Case Histories, and Exams. How to Choose AI for Medical School and Verify Answers.
September 29, 202610 minNeural Networks and AIClinical Guidelines AI: How to Find Answers in Clinical Guidelines
Russian Ministry of Health Clinical Guidelines AI: Structure of Guidelines, Evidence Levels and Reliability Grades, Searching via Classifications and ICD-10, and Prompting AI on Guideline Text.
September 29, 20269 minNeural Networks and AIMedical Presentation AI: Structure, PPTX and PDF Generation
How to Create a Medical Presentation Using AI: From Topic or Notes to Slide Outline and PPTX or PDF File. Chronic Heart Failure Outline Example and Defense Tips.
September 29, 20268 minNeural Networks and AIMedical Prompts: 30 Ready-to-Use Queries for Study and Practice
Prompts for Medical Students and Physicians: 30 Ready-to-Use AI Queries by Task, from Study Notes and Exams to Clinical Cases and Articles. How to Prompt AI Effectively.
September 29, 202610 minCardiologyECG Interpretation Online: Algorithm and Calculators
Free Online ECG Interpretation: Step-by-Step Rhythm Analysis, Heart Rate, Axis, Intervals, and ST Segment, Plus Calculators and Trainer.
April 27, 20266 minStudies and ExamsPreparing for the Accreditation Exam in Medical School: Step-by-Step Plan, Resources, and Passing Strategy
Preparing for the Accreditation Exam in Medical School: Three Exam Stages, Monthly Plan, FMZA Tests, OSCE Stations, Clinical Cases, and Common Mistakes Made by 6th-Year Students.
April 11, 20265 minStudies and ExamsLaboratory Parameters: Reference Ranges, Interpretation, and Clinical Significance
Laboratory Reference Ranges: CBC, Biochemistry, Coagulogram, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance, Lipids, Liver, Kidney, and Myocardial Markers; Key Criteria and Reference Intervals.
April 11, 20266 minNeurologyCerebrospinal Fluid: Normal Values — Diagnostic Table
CSF Norms: Pressure, Cytosis, Protein, Glucose, Chlorides. Reference Table for Meningitis, Tuberculosis, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Differential Diagnosis.
April 11, 20264 minPharmacologyCytochrome P450 (CYP): Isoforms, Inducers, Inhibitors, and Clinical Interactions
Cytochrome P450: CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, 1A2 — Substrates, Inducers, Inhibitors; Clinically Significant Drug Interactions and Pharmacogenetics.
April 11, 20265 minObstetrics and gynecologyPhysiological Labor: Stages, Biomechanism, Partograph, and Management
Physiological Labor: 3 Stages (Dilation, Expulsion, Placental), Biomechanism in Occiput Presentation, Partograph, Apgar Score, and Early Complications.
April 11, 20265 minImmunologyAnaphylaxis: Diagnosis, Emergency Algorithm, and Adrenaline
Anaphylaxis: WAO 2020 Criteria, Triggers, Emergency Management Algorithm, Intramuscular Adrenaline 0.01 mg/kg, Prevention, and Auto-Injectors (EpiPen).
April 11, 20265 minStudies and ExamsCardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): 2020 BLS and ACLS Algorithms (AHA/ERC)
CPR: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) per AHA/ERC 2020 — 30:2 Compressions, Defibrillation, Adrenaline, Amiodarone, and 4H/4T.
April 11, 20266 minInfectious diseasesHIV Infection: Stages, Opportunistic Infections, and Antiretroviral Therapy
HIV Infection: CDC and Pokrovsky Stages, Opportunistic Infections by CD4 Count, ART Regimen, and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis — A Guide for Physicians.
April 11, 20265 minInfectious diseasesTuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis (Mantoux, Diaskintest, CT), and Treatment Regimens
Tuberculosis: M. tuberculosis, Pathogenesis, Forms, Mantoux and Diaskintest, GeneXpert, X-Ray/CT, DOTS Regimens, HRZE, and MDR-TB Treatment (Bedaquiline, Delamanid).
April 11, 20264 minCardiologyChronic Heart Failure: The "Four Pillars" of Therapy and ESC Algorithm
Chronic Heart Failure: NYHA and ESC EF Classification, NT-proBNP and Echocardiography, Four Pillars of HFrEF Therapy (ARNI, Beta-Blockers, MRAs, SGLT2 Inhibitors).
April 11, 20264 minCardiologyMyocardial Infarction on ECG: STEMI and NSTEMI Signs
Myocardial Infarction on ECG: ST Elevation, Pathological Q Wave, Troponins, ACS Diagnostic Algorithm, TIMI and GRACE Scales, Reperfusion Therapy.
April 11, 20264 minPulmonologyCOPD: Spirometry, GOLD Classification, and Stepwise Therapy
COPD: Etiology, Spirometry (FEV1/FVC < 0.7), GOLD ABCD and 1–4 Classifications, Stepwise Therapy, Exacerbations, and Long-Term Oxygen Therapy.
April 11, 20264 minCardiologyPulmonary Embolism: Risk Factors, Wells Score, D-Dimer, and Treatment Algorithm
Pulmonary Embolism: Etiology, Virchow's Triad, Wells and Geneva Scores, D-Dimer, CT Angiography, Thrombolysis, and Anticoagulants — Clinical Case Review.
April 11, 20264 minGastroenterologyLiver Cirrhosis: Child-Pugh and MELD Classifications, Complications, and Treatment Tactics
Liver Cirrhosis: Etiology, Child-Pugh and MELD Classifications, Portal Hypertension, Ascites, Variceal Bleeding, Hepatic Encephalopathy, and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.
April 11, 20265 minGastroenterologyInflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn's Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis — Comparison, Diagnosis, and Treatment
IBD: Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Differences, Activity Indices (Truelove-Witts, Mayo, CDAI), Colonoscopy, 5-ASAs, Corticosteroids, Immunosuppressants, and Biologics.
April 11, 20264 minHematologyClassification of Anemias by MCV: Iron Deficiency and B12 Deficiency
Classification of Anemias by MCV: Microcytic, Normocytic, and Macrocytic; Iron Deficiency and B12 Deficiency Anemia, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
April 11, 20265 minCardiologyDiabetes Mellitus: DKA, Hyperosmolar State, and Chronic Complications
Diabetes Mellitus: DKA and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State — Criteria, Fluid Infusion, and Insulin; Micro- and Macrovascular Complications, Screening.
April 11, 20265 minNeurologyStroke: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic — Diagnosis, NIHSS Scale, and Treatment
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: Etiology, Clinical Presentation, NIHSS Scale, CT and MRI, Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Secondary Prevention — A Neurologist's Guide.
April 11, 20264 minNeurologyMeningitis: Bacterial and Viral — Clinical Presentation, CSF, Empirical Therapy
Meningitis: Differential Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Meningitis via CSF; Empirical Antibiotic Therapy, Dexamethasone, Vaccine Prevention.
April 11, 20265 minNeurologyEpilepsy: ILAE 2017 Classification, Anticonvulsant Selection, and Status Epilepticus
Epilepsy: ILAE 2017 Classification, Generalized and Focal Seizures, Anticonvulsant Selection by Seizure Type, Status Epilepticus Management Algorithm.
April 11, 20265 minNeurologyParkinson's Disease: Clinical Features, MDS Criteria, and Treatment (Levodopa, Agonists, DBS)
Parkinson's Disease: Bradykinesia, Rigidity, Resting Tremor; MDS-2015 Criteria, Levodopa, Dopamine Agonists, MAO-B Inhibitors, Motor Fluctuations, and DBS.
April 11, 20266 minPsychiatrySchizophrenia: Positive and Negative Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Antipsychotics
Schizophrenia: Positive and Negative Symptoms, ICD-11/DSM-5 Criteria, Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics, Clozapine for Treatment Resistance, Acute Exacerbation Management.
April 11, 20265 minPediatricsBreastfeeding and Complementary Feeding: Introduction Schedule, Timing, and Principles for Physicians
Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding: Feeding Technique, Timing, Schedule, and Food Introduction Sequence, Hypogalactia, and Common Pitfalls — A Pediatrician's Guide.
April 11, 20265 minPediatricsEruptive Pediatric Infections: Measles, Rubella, Chickenpox, Scarlet Fever — Differential Table
Eruptive Pediatric Infections: Measles, Rubella, Chickenpox, Scarlet Fever, Roseola, Parvovirus B19 — Clinical Features, Koplik Spots, Differential Diagnosis.
April 11, 20265 minPediatricsChild's physical development: growth, weight, head circumference norms, and percentile assessment
Child's physical development norms: age-based height, weight, head, and chest circumference, WHO growth charts, Z-scores, and calculation formulas for pediatricians.
April 11, 20267 minNeurologyMultiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, McDonald criteria, and modern therapy
Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis of demyelination, clinical forms, 2017 McDonald criteria, MRI and CSF findings, disease-modifying therapy — a guide for neurologists.
April 11, 20264 minPediatricsBronchial asthma in children: diagnosis, step-up therapy, and acute attack management
Bronchial asthma in children: phenotypes, spirometry and FeNO, GINA 2023 step-up therapy, ICS and biologics, acute exacerbation management algorithm.
April 11, 20265 minGeneral surgeryAcute appendicitis: clinical presentation, Alvarado score, diagnosis, and laparoscopy
Acute appendicitis: classic symptoms, Alvarado and AIR scores, ultrasound/CT, differential diagnosis, and principles of laparoscopic appendectomy.
April 11, 20264 minGeneral surgeryAnterior abdominal wall hernias: classification, diagnosis, and treatment
Abdominal hernias: hernia sac, classification (inguinal, femoral, umbilical), strangulation, Lichtenstein and TAPP/TEP repair — a guide for surgeons.
April 11, 20265 minGeneral surgeryIntestinal obstruction: classification, diagnosis, and treatment (strangulation and obturation)
Acute intestinal obstruction: strangulated and obturated, high and low; clinical presentation, plain radiography, CT, and indications for emergency surgery.
April 11, 20265 minTraumatologyBone fractures: AO/OTA classification, diagnostic and treatment principles
Bone fractures: AO/OTA classification, Gustilo-Anderson open fractures, principles of reduction, immobilization, and osteosynthesis; complications and healing timelines.
April 11, 20265 minGeneral surgeryWounds: classification, healing phases, and surgical debridement principles
Wounds: classification by nature and contamination degree, healing phases (inflammation, proliferation, remodeling), primary and secondary surgical debridement, chronic wound management.
April 11, 20265 minPropaedeuticsAbdominal percussion and palpation: technique and clinical significance
Abdominal palpation by Obraztsov-Strazhesko, liver percussion by Kourlow, Shchetkin-Blumberg, Murphy, Ortner, and Rovsing signs — a physical examination guide.
April 11, 20265 minGeneral surgeryBurns: depth classification, rule of nines, and Parkland formula
Burns: I–IV depth classification, Wallace rule of nines, Parkland resuscitation formula, first aid, necrectomy, and burn shock management.
April 11, 20265 minGeneral surgeryCholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis: diagnosis, complications, and cholecystectomy
Cholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, ultrasound, and TG18 guidelines, indications for elective and emergency cholecystectomy, complications — for surgeons.
April 11, 20264 minGeneral surgeryPneumothorax: classification, diagnosis, and emergency treatment
Pneumothorax: spontaneous, traumatic, tension — classification, clinical presentation, X-ray, ultrasound, and CT, pleural puncture and Bülau chest tube insertion algorithm.
April 11, 20264 minGeneral surgeryPeritonitis: classification, clinical presentation, Mannheim peritonitis index, and treatment principles
Peritonitis: primary, secondary, tertiary — etiology, clinical phases according to Simonyan, Mannheim peritonitis index, antibiotic therapy, and laparotomy tactics.
April 11, 20264 minPharmacologyAntihypertensive drugs: classification and combinations
Antihypertensive drugs by class: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, diuretics, beta-blockers — mechanisms, indications, and rational combinations.
April 11, 20265 minPharmacologyAntiarrhythmic drugs: Vaughan Williams classification with a table and examples
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Vaughan Williams classification (classes I–IV), mechanisms, indications, side effects of amiodarone, sotalol, and propafenone.
April 11, 20265 minPharmacologyDiuretics: classification, mechanism of action, and clinical use
Diuretics: loop (furosemide, torsemide), thiazide, potassium-sparing (spironolactone), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — mechanisms, indications, and side effects.
April 11, 20264 minPharmacologyAnalgesics: opioid and non-opioid — mechanisms, classification, and the WHO ladder
Analgesics: opioid and non-opioid drugs, the 3-step WHO ladder, NSAIDs, paracetamol, morphine, fentanyl, and adjuvants for neuropathic pain.
April 11, 20265 minPharmacologyGlucocorticoids: mechanism of action, equivalent doses, and side effects
Glucocorticoids: mechanism, equivalent dose table (prednisolone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone), indications, side effects, and rules for gradual tapering.
April 11, 20265 minPharmacologyAnticoagulants and antiplatelet agents: mechanisms, drugs, and therapy monitoring
Anticoagulants (heparins, warfarin, DOACs) and antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor): mechanisms of action, dosages, monitoring, and antidotes.
April 11, 20264 minPharmacologyGlucose-lowering drugs: classification and selection algorithm for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Glucose-lowering drugs in type 2 diabetes: metformin, GLP-1 RAs, SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, insulins — mechanisms, indications, efficacy comparison, and ADA/EASD 2023 algorithm.
April 11, 20264 minPharmacologyAntidepressants: classification, mechanism of action (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs)
Antidepressants: SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, atypicals — mechanism of action, indications, serotonin syndrome, drug selection for anxiety, OCD, and pain.
April 11, 20265 minPharmacologyAntifungal drugs: polyenes, azoles, echinocandins — classification and use
Antifungals: polyenes (amphotericin B), azoles (fluconazole, voriconazole), echinocandins, terbinafine — mechanisms, indications, side effects.
April 11, 20265 minPharmacologyLocal anesthetics: classification (esters and amides), mechanism of action, and toxicity
Local anesthetics: esters and amides, sodium channel blockade, maximum doses of lidocaine and bupivacaine, local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), and lipid emulsion therapy.
April 11, 20264 minPhysiologyAction potential: phases, ion channels, and conduction
Action potential: phases (depolarization, repolarization), Na/K/Ca ion currents, propagation, saltatory conduction, and clinical aspects of arrhythmias and epilepsies.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyGas exchange in the lungs: diffusion, V/Q ratio, and gas transport
Gas exchange in the lungs: diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane, V/Q ratio, O₂ and CO₂ transport, alveolar gas equation, and A-a gradient.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyRenal physiology: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, concentration
Renal physiology: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion by nephron segment, countercurrent multiplier mechanism, regulation by RAAS, ADH, ANP, and acid-base balance.
April 11, 20265 minBiochemistryGlycolysis: definition, reactions, enzymes, and regulation
What is glycolysis and its 10 reactions: from glucose to pyruvate, key enzymes, regulation, aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
April 11, 20265 minBiochemistryVitamins: complete table — functions, daily requirements, and deficiency
Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins — functions, sources, daily requirements, and deficiency manifestations. A reference table for physicians and students.
April 11, 20263 minPhysiologyAutonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, α/β- and M/N-receptors, effects on organs, agonists and blockers as therapeutic targets.
April 11, 20265 minBiochemistryBeta-oxidation of fatty acids: mechanism and regulation
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids: carnitine shuttle, Lynen spiral, ATP yield, ketogenesis, and inherited disorders of MCAD, VLCAD.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyHemostasis: Primary, Secondary, Fibrinolysis, and Clinical Aspects
Hemostasis: primary (platelet), secondary (coagulation), fibrinolysis; cascade, laboratory monitoring (INR, aPTT, anti-Xa), and main coagulopathies.
April 11, 20265 minPhysiologyAcid-Base Balance: ABG Analysis, Types of Acidosis and Alkalosis
Acid-Base Balance: interpretation of pH, PaCO₂, HCO₃⁻; metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, anion gap, delta gap, and ABG evaluation algorithm.
April 11, 20265 minBiochemistryHormones: Classification, Mechanisms of Action, and Regulation
Hormones: peptide, steroid, thyroid, and amino acid derivatives; receptors (G-protein, nuclear), signaling cascades, and principles of neuroendocrine regulation.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyMuscles of the Lower Extremity: Classification and Innervation
Muscles of the lower extremities by group: pelvis, thigh, leg, foot; functions, segmental innervation, and clinical tests.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyDermatomes in Neurology: C2–S5 Segmental Map and Myotomes
Dermatomes and myotomes with key landmarks by segment, ASIA scale, upper and lower limb dermatome map, radiculopathy topography.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyBrachial Plexus: Branch Diagram, Innervation, and Clinical Presentation
Brachial plexus scheme from C5-T1 roots to branches, main nerves, Erb-Duchenne and Klumpke palsy, Horner syndrome.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyCoronary Arteries: Anatomy, Dominance, and Clinical Aspects
Coronary artery anatomy: right and left (LAD, LCx), branches, dominance variants, ECG localization of myocardial infarction.
April 11, 20265 minHistologyConnective Tissue: Classification, Functions, and Clinical Aspects
Connective tissue: loose and dense, specialized (bone, cartilage, blood), cells and extracellular matrix, collagens I–IV, and main collagenopathies.
April 11, 20264 minAnatomyCircle of Willis: Anatomy, Variants, and Significance in Stroke
Circle of Willis: constituent arteries, anatomical variants, supply zones, and clinical syndromes in occlusion.
April 11, 20265 minHistologyFormed Elements of Blood: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
Formed elements of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Morphology, functions, lifespan, reference ranges, and clinical significance of deviations.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyAorta: Anatomy of Segments and Branches — from Ascending to Bifurcation
Aorta: ascending, arch, descending thoracic, and abdominal; arch branches, intercostal arteries, celiac trunk, SMA, IMA, renal arteries, and bifurcation into iliac arteries.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyMediastinum: Anatomy of Compartments — Anterior, Middle, Posterior
Mediastinum anatomy: superior and inferior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments, organs, structures, and clinical syndromes.
April 11, 20264 minHistologyMuscle Tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac — Comparison
Muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac — structure, contraction mechanism, innervation, and regeneration; clinical applications and main myopathies.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyMuscles of the Upper Extremity: Classification, Functions, and Clinical Significance
Complete guide to upper extremity muscles: classification by group, innervation, functions, and clinical correlations. Tables and mnemonic devices.
April 11, 20265 minAnatomyBones of the Skull: Anatomy, Foramina, Bone Joints
Skull bone structure: neurocranium and viscerocranium, foramina, and passing structures. Table with mnemonics for the anatomy exam.
April 11, 20264 minPharmacologyTypes and Classification of Antibiotics: Groups and Mechanisms
Classification of antibiotics by mechanism of action: classes and types — beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, indications, and side effects.
April 11, 20263 minPharmacologyNSAIDs: Mechanism of Action, Classification, and Side Effects
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): COX inhibition mechanism, selective and non-selective drugs, side effects, and contraindications.
April 11, 20263 minPathophysiologyInflammation: Phases, Mediators, and Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology of inflammation: phases of alteration, exudation, and proliferation. Inflammatory mediators, cardinal signs, and systemic inflammatory response.
April 11, 20263 minHistologyEpithelial Tissue: Classification, Structure, and Functions
Epithelial tissues: classification, characteristics of surface and glandular epithelium, structure, and functions with clinical examples.
April 11, 20264 minBiochemistryKrebs Cycle Made Simple: Reactions and Energy Yield
Krebs cycle: 8 reactions, key enzymes, regulation, and energy yield of the tricarboxylic acid cycle made simple.
April 11, 20263 minPhysiologyCardiac Cycle: Phases, Systole, and Diastole on ECG
Phases of the cardiac cycle: systole and diastole, intracardiac pressures, heart sounds S1-S4, and their correlation with ECG waves.
April 11, 20265 minGeneral surgeryAcute Abdomen: Differential Diagnosis and Management
"Acute abdomen" syndrome: differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis, perforated ulcer, intestinal obstruction. Surgical tactics.
April 11, 20263 minMicrobiologyGram Staining: Technique, Steps, Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram stain: steps of Gram staining, cell wall structure, bacterial classification, and antibiotic selection based on staining results.
April 11, 20265 minPropaedeuticsHeart Auscultation: Auscultation Points, Sounds, and Murmurs
Heart auscultation for students: 5 auscultation points, normal sounds, pathological murmurs. Murmur assessment algorithm and clinical correlations.
April 11, 20263 minNeurology12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves: Table, Functions, Examination
Cranial nerves: table of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, functions, nuclei, 12 CNs. Clinical examination methods and memory mnemonics.
April 11, 20264 minPediatricsApgar Score: Criteria, 8-9 Scores, Interpretation
Apgar score: 5 criteria, evaluation at 1st and 5th minutes, Apgar score 8-9, newborn asphyxia, resuscitation indications.
April 11, 20265 minObstetrics and gynecologyStages of Labor: Dilation, Expulsion, Placental — Complete Guide
Stages of labor: I (cervical dilation, phases), II (expulsion and biomechanism), III (placental stage, active management); partogram, complications, and management.
April 11, 20266 minCardiologyECG Interpretation: Norm, Waves, Intervals, Algorithm
ECG interpretation: P, QRS, T waves, PR and QT intervals, ST segment, cardiac axis. Step-by-step interpretation algorithm for students.
April 11, 20266 minInfectious diseasesViral Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E: Diagnosis and Treatment
Viral hepatitis A-E: transmission routes, serological markers, acute and chronic course, antiviral regimens (DAAs, tenofovir), prevention and vaccination.
April 11, 20265 minPathological anatomyNecrosis and Apoptosis: Types, Morphology, Differences. Pathological Anatomy
Apoptosis and necrosis pathology: coagulative, liquefactive, caseous necrosis, gangrene. Differences between necrosis and apoptosis, morphology.
April 11, 20262 minImmunologyImmunoglobulins: 5 classes of antibodies — structure and functions
5 classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD): structure, functions, normal ranges. An immunology table for medical students.
April 11, 20263 minLatinLatin prescription: writing rules and abbreviations
Latin prescriptions: structure of a Latin prescription, abbreviations, dosage forms. Latin for prescriptions — a cheat sheet for medical students.
April 11, 20263 minBiologyMitosis and meiosis: comparison, differences, and table
How mitosis differs from meiosis: comparative characteristics, phases, number of divisions, and daughter cells in a table.
April 11, 20263 minChemistryAmino acids: classification, properties, and clinical significance
20 proteinogenic amino acids: classification by side chain, essential amino acids, properties, and clinical significance. A table for medical students.
April 11, 20263 minHygieneWater hygiene: drinking water quality standards and purification methods
Hygienic standards for drinking water quality: organoleptic, chemical, and bacteriological parameters. Purification and disinfection methods.
April 11, 20263 minPulmonologyCommunity-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, treatment, CURB-65 scale
Community-acquired pneumonia: causative agents, diagnosis, CURB-65 and PSI risk stratification scales, empirical antibiotic therapy, and indications for hospitalization.
April 11, 20265 minGastroenterologyPeptic ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum: diagnosis and treatment
Peptic ulcer disease: etiology (H. pylori, NSAIDs), clinical presentation, diagnosis (EGD, rapid urease test), eradication, and complications. For medical students.
April 11, 20263 minTopographic anatomyTriangles of the neck: anatomy, boundaries, and contents
Topographic anatomy of the neck: anterior and posterior triangles of the neck, sub-triangles, vessels and nerves, clinical significance.
April 11, 20263 minPsychiatryDepression: diagnostic criteria, classification, and treatment
Diagnosis of depression according to ICD-10 and DSM-5: criteria for a major depressive episode, classification, antidepressants, and psychotherapy. For medical students.
April 11, 20263 minDiagnostic radiologyChest X-ray: normal findings and major pathologies
Chest radiography: normal X-ray anatomy, step-by-step evaluation algorithm, typical pathologies (pneumonia, pneumothorax, pleural effusion).
April 11, 20263 minAnatomyAnatomy test with answers: 50 exam questions
Human anatomy test with answers and explanations: osteology, myology, angiology, neurology. Questions for exam preparation.
April 11, 20266 minStudies and ExamsHow to prepare for a medical school exam: 7 evidence-based methods
7 evidence-based methods for preparing for medical school exams: spaced repetition, active recall, interleaving, and others.
April 11, 20263 minTraumatologyFractures: classification, diagnosis, and first aid
Classification of fractures (open, closed, comminuted), reliable and probable signs, first aid, and principles of treatment. For medical students.
April 11, 20263 minStudies and ExamsClinical scales: 10 calculators every doctor should know
Overview of the 10 main clinical scales for doctors and medical students: GCS, CURB-65, CHA₂DS₂-VASc, qSOFA, Wells, SOFA, Apgar, Child-Pugh, Charlson — with interactive calculators.
April 10, 20265 minStudies and ExamsPreparation for the 2026 Medical Accreditation Exam: A Complete Guide for Graduates
How to pass the medical accreditation exam in 2026: exam structure, 12-month preparation plan, testing strategy, OSCE preparation, and common mistakes.
April 10, 20264 minAnatomyHow to study anatomy: a step-by-step method for medical students
An evidence-based method of studying anatomy for 1st- and 2nd-year medical students. Active recall, spaced repetition, mnemonics, and a semester study plan.
April 10, 20263 min