Study Guide · 356 topics

Histology: Lesson Topics

Concise topic reviews following the medical school curriculum: definitions, key facts, morphology, and common questions for classes and exams. Find the topic matching your syllabus.

Histological research technique 10

Light Microscope DesignPreparation of Histological SpecimensHistological DyesRomanowsky StainHeidenhain's Iron Hematoxylin StainSpecial Staining Methods in HistologyIdentification of Bone Tissue ElementsIdentification of Nervous System ElementsHistochemical Research MethodsElectron Microscopy

Cell and non-cellular structures. Cell membranes 6

Basics of Cytology and Cell TheoryCell Morphology and Non-Cellular StructuresCell Membranes: Structure and FunctionsPlasmolemma Transport of Substances Across the MembraneIntercellular JunctionsSpecialized Cell Surface Structures

Cytoplasm 13

CytoplasmCytoplasma Cytoplasmic InclusionsCell organellesOrganella Endoplasmic reticulumReticulum endoplasmicum Golgi apparatusComplexus Golgi Smooth endoplasmic reticulumReticulum endoplasmicum agranulare LysosomesLysosoma PeroxisosomesPeroxysoma RibosomesRibosoma Protein FoldingMitochondriaMitochondrion CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Cell center and organelles of movementCentrosoma

Germ cells, fertilization, cleavage, blastula 7

Germ CellsSpermatozoonSpermatozoon OvumOvum FertilizationFertilisatio CleavageFissio Gastrulation and Axial PrimordiaGastrulatio Differentiation in Embryogenesis

Gastrulation, formation of axial organ rudiments, and extraembryonic membranes 12

GastrulationGastrulation in AmphioxusGastrulation in AmphibiansGastrulation in BirdsGastrulation in MammalsNotogenesisProvisional OrgansYolk SacAmnionAmnion Truncal FoldsAllantoisAllantois ChorionChorion

Cell nucleus. Cell division 13

Organization of Hereditary MaterialFunctions of the Cell NucleusNucleus ChromatinChromatinum Sex ChromatinChromatin CompactionHuman KaryotypeNucleolusNucleolus Nuclear EnvelopeKaryolemma Cell CycleRegulation of the Cell CycleMitosisMitosis PolyploidyCell deathApoptosis

Introduction to Histology. Epithelial Tissues 8

Levels of cell potencyEpithelial tissuesTextus epithelialis Simple epitheliaEpithelium unistratificatum Stratified epitheliaEpithelium multistratificatum Transitional epitheliumUrothelium Keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumEpidermis Glandular epitheliumEpithelium glandulare Holocrine secretionGlandula sebacea

Blood 10

Blood and blood plasmaSanguis ErythrocytesErythrocytus Blood groupsHemoglobinHaemoglobinum NeutrophilsNeutrophilus Basophils and eosinophilsLymphocytesLymphocytus Monocytes and macrophagesMonocytus PlateletsThrombocytus Blood cells: leukocytes and erythrocytes

Proper Connective Tissues. Connective Tissues with Special Properties 14

Classification and general characteristics of connective tissuesTextus connectivus Loose fibrous connective tissueTextus connectivus laxus Dense fibrous connective tissueTextus connectivus compactus Fibroblasts and fibrocytesFibroblastus Collagen fibersFibrae collagenae Collagen biosynthesisElastic fibersFibrae elasticae Ground substance of connective tissueSubstantia fundamentalis MacrophagesMacrophagocytus Plasma cellsPlasmocytus Mast cellsMastocytus MelanocytesMelanocytus Reticular tissueTextus reticularis Adipose tissueTextus adiposus

Skeletal Connective Tissues 15

General characteristics of skeletal tissuesCartilage tissueTextus cartilagineus PerichondriumPerichondrium Fibrocartilage tissueTextus cartilagineus fibrosus Hyaline cartilage tissueTextus cartilagineus hyalinus Elastic cartilage tissueTextus cartilagineus elasticus Bone tissueTextus osseus Bone tissue cellsPeriosteumPeriosteum Woven bone tissueTextus osseus reticulofibrosus Lamellar bone tissueTextus osseus lamellaris Intramembranous ossificationEndochondral ossificationBone remodelingRegulation of bone tissue metabolism

Muscle Tissues 11

Classification of muscle tissuesTextus muscularis SarcomereSkeletal muscle tissueTextus muscularis striatus sceletalis Histogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissueMuscle as an organMusculus Membrane systems of the muscle fiberMechanism of muscle contractionMuscle fiber typesHistochemistry of muscle tissueCardiac muscle tissueTextus muscularis striatus cardiacus Smooth muscle tissueTextus muscularis levis

Nervous Tissue: Neurocytes, Gliocytes, Nerve Fibers 6

Development of nervous tissueNeuronsNeuronum Axonal transportNeurogliaNeuroglia Nerve fibersNeurofibrae Node of Ranvier

Nervous tissue: nerve endings and synapses 5

Functional types of nerve endingsTerminationes nervorum Receptor nerve endingsTerminationes nervorum sensoriae Proprioceptive sensitivity and neuromuscular spindlesFusus neuromuscularis SynapsesSynapsis Neuroeffector synapsesSynapsis neuromuscularis

Nervous system: nerves, ganglia, spinal cord 11

Nervous system and somatic reflex arcSystema nervosum Autonomic nervous systemSystema nervosum autonomicum Sympathetic and parasympathetic reflex arcsMetasympathetic nervous systemPeripheral nerveNervus periphericus Spinal ganglionGanglion spinale Sympathetic ganglionGanglion sympathicum Spinal cord: development and meningesMedulla spinalis Gray matter of the spinal cordSubstantia grisea Anterior horns of the spinal cordCornu anterius medullae spinalis White matter of the spinal cordSubstantia alba

Nervous system: brain 10

Embryogenesis of the brainDiencephalon and telencephalonDiencephalon et Telencephalon Spinocortical reflex arcsExtrapyramidal systemSystema extrapyramidale Spinocerebellar reflex arcsReflex responses to distant stimuliMedulla oblongataMyelencephalon / Medulla oblongata CerebellumCerebellum HypothalamusHypothalamus Cerebral cortexCortex cerebri

Sensory organs: organs of vision and olfaction 11

Classification of sense organsOrgana sensuum General structural plan of the eyeOculus Development of the eyeFibrous tunic of eyeballTunica fibrosa bulbi Vascular tunic of eyeballTunica vasculosa bulbi LensLens Neuronal composition of the retinaRetina Layers of the retinaRetina PhotoreceptorsCellulae photoreceptoriae Accessory structures of the eyeOrgana oculi accessoria Olfactory organOrganum olfactus

Sensory Organs: Organs of Hearing, Equilibrium, and Taste 8

Sense organs: general characteristicsOrgana sensuum External earAuris externa Middle earAuris media Internal ear: osseous and membranous labyrinthAuris interna CochleaCochlea Spiral organOrganum spirale Vestibular apparatusOrganum vestibulare Organ of tasteOrganum gustus

Cardiovascular System: Veins, Lymphatic Vessels, Heart 9

General principles of vein structureVenae Classification of veinsLymphatic vesselsVasa lymphatica Development of the heartEndocardium and epicardiumEndocardium / Epicardium MyocardiumMyocardium Conduction system of the heartSystema conducens cordis Blood supply to the heartHeart wall

Cardiovascular System: Arteries, Microcirculatory Vessels 11

General characteristics of the cardiovascular systemSystema cardiovasculare Adaptation and plasticity of blood vesselsRete mirabile General structural plan of the vessel wallTunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa Arteries: classification and structureArteriae Neurovascular bundle and differential diagnosis of vesselsMicrovasculature and arteriolesArteriolae Blood capillariesVasa capillaria VenulesVenulae Functions of endothelium and pericytesEndothelium Arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs)Anastomosis arteriovenosa Lymphatic capillariesVasa lymphocapillaria

Digestive System: Oral Cavity Organs, Pharynx, and Esophagus 10

General structural plan of the digestive tractDevelopment of the digestive systemOral cavityCavitas oris TongueLingua Salivary glandsGlandulae salivariae Histology of the toothDens Tooth developmentPharynx and lymphoepithelial pharyngeal ringPharynx EsophagusOesophagus Structure of the mucous membrane

Digestive system: stomach and small intestine 7

StomachGaster / Ventriculus Gastric glandsGlandulae gastricae Endocrine cells of the stomachEndocrinocyti gastrici Cardiac and pyloric parts of the stomachPars cardiaca et pars pylorica gastris Small IntestineIntestinum tenue Epithelial cells of the small intestineEnterocyti Duodenum and Paneth cellsDuodenum

Digestive System: Large Intestine, Liver, and Pancreas 6

Large IntestineIntestinum crassum Vermiform appendixAppendix vermiformis RectumIntestinum rectum LiverHepar Gallbladder and biliary tractVesica biliaris PancreasPancreas

Respiratory organs 5

General characteristics of the respiratory systemSystema respiratorium Histology of the nasal cavityCavitas nasi Histology of the larynxLarynx Histology of the trachea and bronchial treeTrachea, Arbor bronchialis Respiratory division of the lungAcinus pulmonalis, Alveolus pulmonis

Skin and Its Appendages 11

Skin and its functionsCutis Embryonic development of the skinThick and thin skinEpidermis and its cellular compositionEpidermis Keratinization of the epidermisDermis and basement membraneDermis Blood supply and innervation of the skinSweat glandsGlandulae sudoriferae Sebaceous glandsGlandulae sebaceae HairPilus NailsUnguis

Urinary system 10

KidneyRen NephronNephronum Blood supply to the kidneyUrine formationRenal corpuscleCorpusculum renale Renal tubulesTubuli renales Endocrine system of the kidneysJuxtaglomerular apparatusComplexus juxtaglomerularis Development of the urinary systemUrinary tract

Male genital system 13

TestisTestis Convoluted seminiferous tubulesTubuli seminiferi contorti Spermatogenic epitheliumSertoli cellsEpitheliocytus sustentans Development of the testisSpermatogenesisMeiosis in spermatogenesisSpermiogenesisEndocrine regulation of spermatogenesisGlandulocytus testis Spermatic ductsDuctus deferens Seminal vesiclesVesiculae seminales Prostate glandProstata PenisPenis

Early Stages of Human Intrauterine Development 13

Human ovumOocytus Gamete transportGenomic imprintingZygote cleavageFissio BlastocystBlastocystis ImplantationImplantatio Gastrulation (first phase)Gastrulatio Extraembryonic organsOrgana extraembryonalia Gastrulation (second phase)Truncal foldPlica capitis et caudae Mesoderm differentiationMesoderma Ectoderm differentiationEctoderma Early organogenesisOrganogenesis

Female reproductive system 8

Ovary: development, structure, and functionsOvarium Regulation of ovarian functionUterine tubeTuba uterina Uterus: structure and functionsUterus Cervix uteriCervix uteri VaginaVagina Mammary glandsGlandulae mammariae Ovarian-menstrual cycle

Fetal membranes and placenta 10

Fetal membranes and placentaDeciduaDecidua Chorion and amnionChorion et Amnion Placenta: general characteristics and classificationPlacenta Fetal part of the placentaChorion frondosum Placental barrierMaternal part of the placentaPars materna placentae Placental functions and substance transportFetal CirculationEndocrine function of the placenta and umbilical cordFuniculus umbilicalis

Blog articles: Histology

4 articles

Histology

Connective Tissue: Classification, Functions, and Clinical Aspects

Connective tissue: loose and dense, specialized (bone, cartilage, blood), cells and extracellular matrix, collagens I–IV, and main collagenopathies.

April 11, 20264 min Histology

Formed Elements of Blood: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

Formed elements of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Morphology, functions, lifespan, reference ranges, and clinical significance of deviations.

April 11, 20265 min Histology

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac — Comparison

Muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac — structure, contraction mechanism, innervation, and regeneration; clinical applications and main myopathies.