8 topics with a brief review: definitions, key facts, and classroom questions.
The female reproductive system is one of the most dynamic sections in histology. Here we study the microscopic structure, development, and functions of the organs responsible for reproduction: from follicular maturation in the ovaries to secretion in the mammary glands.
The section provides a detailed breakdown of the morphology of the uterine tubes, uterine body, and cervix, as well as the vagina. A key emphasis is placed on hormonal regulation and cyclic transformations: you will understand precisely how target organs change throughout the ovarian and menstrual cycle.
Pay special attention to the topics most frequently asked on tests and exams: the stages of follicular and corpus luteum development, the differences between endometrial phases, and the cervical transformation zone. This knowledge is your foundation not only for passing the course, but also for your future practice in obstetrics, gynecology, and pathological anatomy.
What causes the follicular wall to rupture during ovulation?
Rupture occurs due to a combination of factors: a sharp increase in fluid pressure (edema secondary to LH surge), destruction of intercellular contacts by hydrolytic enzymes, and active contraction of myofibroblasts in the external theca.
Why is FSH necessary for estrogen production?
FSH does not synthesize the substrate itself, but it activates the enzyme aromatase in follicular cells, which is necessary for the conversion of testosterone (derived from the theca) into estradiol.
In which part of the tube does fertilization occur?
The meeting of the spermatozoon and oocyte occurs in the ampulla of the tube, its longest section.
Why is the endometrium not shed to its full thickness during menstruation?
Due to the peculiarities of blood supply. Only the spiral arteries supplying the superficial functional layer undergo spasm. The basal layer, which receives blood from straight arteries, does not experience critical ischemia and survives.
What epithelium lines the cervical canal?
The cervical canal is lined with a simple columnar glandular epithelium that is identical to the epithelium of the uterine body and actively secretes mucus.
Does complete cornification of the vaginal epithelium occur?
No, the epithelium is only partially keratinizing. Keratohyalin granules appear in the superficial cells, but the process does not normally progress to the formation of fully cornified scales.
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