Reference Guide · 574 topics
Pathological Anatomy: Class Topics
Concise topic reviews following the medical school curriculum: definitions, key facts, morphology, and common questions for classes and exams. Find the topic matching your syllabus.
Necrosis. Apoptosis 12
Disorders of blood and lymph circulation 16
Arterial hyperemiaHyperaemia arterialisSystemic venous congestionHyperaemia venosa universalisMorphology of chronic venous congestionLocal venous congestionHyperaemia venosa localisHemorrhage and bleedingHaemorrhagiaDisorders of lymph circulationBlood stasisStasisThrombosisThrombosisTypes and morphology of thrombiOutcomes of thrombosisShockDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndromeMorphology of DIC syndromeEmbolismEmboliaIschemiaIschaemiaInfarctionInfarctus
Inflammation 29
InflammationInflammatioInflammation and immunityCellular mediators of inflammationPlasma mediators of inflammationSystemic effects of inflammationCells of the inflammatory infiltrateStages of acute inflammationAlteratioVascular reactions in inflammationExsudatioLeukocyte emigrationStage of proliferationProliferatioExudative inflammationInflammatio exsudativaPurulent and hemorrhagic inflammationInflammatio purulentaAcute ulcersUlcus acutumInterstitial inflammationInflammatio interstitialisChronic inflammationInflammatio chronicaSpecific inflammationImmune inflammationTrophic ulcers and pressure ulcersUlcus trophicumAbscessAbscessusPhlegmonPhlegmoneEmpyemaEmpyemaPurulent woundVulnus purulentumPutrefactive inflammationInflammatio ichorosaProductive inflammationInflammatio productiva (proliferativa)Granulomatous inflammationInflammatio granulomatosaSyphilitic granulomaGummaScleroma granulomaScleromaNon-immune granulomasGranulomata non immunicaHyperplastic inflammationInflammatio hyperplastica
Additional Topics 113
Purulent infection complicationsFatty liverPapillomaComplications of bronchitisCytological cellular changesKartagener syndromeCytology of polypIntestinal cancerComplications of abscessBudd-Chiari syndromeUrothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladderCoagulative necrosisCytology of inflammatory processesComplications of lymphadenitisNoonan syndromeStevens-Johnson syndromeClinical cytologyPathology of pregnancyEdwards syndromeLiquid-based cytology methodPap smear in cytologyLow-grade squamous intraepithelial lesionErrors in cytological diagnosticsImmunohistochemical studyThyroid cytologyEndometrial cytologyLow-grade tumor malignancyAscitesImmunohistochemistry in oncologyHistological examination of biopsy materialMethods of pathological anatomyComplications of thrombosisMalignant neoplasms in COVID-19Cytological examination of the cervixCytology of mucous membrane inflammationDiffuse changes of the pancreasComplications of duodenal ulcerPathology of scarsMay-Thurner syndromeBraitsev syndromeComplications of tuberculosisAcute myocardial infarctionPleural complicationsOtitisThyroid cancerUterine body cancerBreast fibroadenoma histologyTurner syndromeInvasive tumor growthComplications of amyloidosisComplications and outcomes of atrophyCytological hyperplasiaDegenerative changes in cytologyDown syndromeSyndromes in tuberculosisMetaplasiaConjunctivitisComplications of colitisRash morphologyBone metastasesSjögren's syndromeCytological examinationPeriostitisAtypia in gynecologyLeukocyte reaction in cytologyAtypical cells in cytologyHistology of cervical conizationCytology of the wound processBiopsy and its indicationsCancer of the tongueMalignant tumors of the pharyngeal tonsilAlbright syndromeCytological examination of the breastPleurisyForensic traumatologyHistology of a polypMechanical injuriesAneurysmSquamous cells in cytologyClassification of injuriesLeukocytic infiltrationBiopsy and histological examinationAdenomyosisCytological diagnosis of dysplasiaComplications of pyelonephritisDystrophiesComplications of embolismComplications of tonsillitis (angina)Sigmoid colon cancerParakeratosisNeutrophilic leukocytes in cytologyMethods of pathological examinationDysplasiaInflammatory infiltration in cytologyDifferential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosisCytogenetics of tumorsLichenComplications of pericarditisThyroid tumorsComplications of hypothyroidismCompression atelectasisGlomerulonephritis: complicationsInflammatory bowel diseasesErythrocytes in cytological smearsComplications of tonsillitisPalmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndromeComplications of pneumoniaCataractProstate-specific antigenComplications of malignant transformationGross specimens in pathological anatomyComplications and outcomes of dystrophiesGoodpasture syndrome
Morphology of Metabolic Disorders — Dystrophies 22
Classification and mechanisms of development of dystrophiesDystrophiaParenchymal protein dystrophiesDystrophiae parenchymatosae proteinicaeParenchymal lipid dystrophiesDystrophiae parenchymatosae lipidicaeCarbohydrate dystrophiesDystrophiae parenchymatosae carbohydraticaeMesenchymal protein dystrophiesDystrophiae mesenchymales proteinicaeHemoglobinogenic dystrophiesHaemoglobinopathiaeProteinogenic dystrophies: pigmentsPigmenta endogenaDisorders of water and electrolyte metabolismDisbalans hydro-electrolyteCalcium metabolism disorders and mineral dystrophiesCalcinosisNucleoprotein metabolism disorders and calculi formationUrolithiasis et GouttaParenchymal carbohydrate dystrophiesMucoviscidosisStromal-vascular protein dystrophiesLipid metabolism disordersLipomatosis cordisHemosiderosis and hemochromatosisHaemosiderosisHematin and malarial pigmentPorphyriasPorphyriaMelanin metabolism disordersPathogenesis of edemaOedemaTypes of edemaSodium, potassium, and copper metabolism disordersNucleoprotein metabolism disordersPodagraCalculus formationCalculosis
Immunopathological Processes 15
Innate immunityAdaptive immunityCell-mediated immunityNatural killer cellsImmunological toleranceType I hypersensitivityType II hypersensitivityType III hypersensitivityTransplant rejectionAutoimmune diseasesPrimary immunodeficienciesHIV infectionAmyloidosisAmyloidosisSystemic amyloidosisLocalized amyloidosis
Compensatory and Adaptive Processes 5
Chapter 27. Diseases of the Dental System and Oral Cavity 14
Pathological anatomy of spidersNon-carious dental lesionsMorbi dentium non cariosiDental cariesCaries dentiumPulpitisPulpitisApical periodontitisPeriodontitis apicalisPeriodontal diseasesMorbi parodontiiJaws cystsCystae maxillarumOdontogenic tumorsTumores odontogeniciNon-odontogenic tumors and jaw dysplasiasTumores non odontogenici maxillarumStomatitisStomatitisCheilitis and glossitisCheilitis et glossitisSialadenitisSialadenitisSalivary gland tumorsTumores glandularum salivariarumOral cancerCarcinoma cavitatis oris
Introduction to Nosology 11
Tumor Growth 28
General Properties of TumorsTumorEpidemiology of TumorsPrecancerous Conditions and HeredityStatus praecancerosusChemical and Physical CarcinogenesisViral CarcinogenesisMolecular Basis of CarcinogenesisProto-oncogenes and OncoproteinsTumor Suppressor GenesTumor Growth KineticsTumor atypiaMorphogenesis and Progression of TumorsCarcinoma in situTumor MetastasisMetastasisStructure and Growth Patterns of TumorsClassification of TumorsPapillomaMesenchymal TumorsSarcomaMelanomaMelanomaEtiology and Pathogenesis of TumorsTumor MarkersGrowth Rates and Apoptosis in TumorsTumor AtypiaTumor Progression and MorphogenesisTumor Invasion and MetastasisMorphology of Tumor GrowthTumor-Host InteractionEpithelial TumorsNeuroendocrine TumorsSoft Tissue TumorsTumors of Melanin-Producing Tissue
Diseases of the Hematopoietic System 33
ErythrocytosesErythrocytosisPosthemorrhagic AnemiaAnaemia posthaemorrhagicaHemolytic AnemiasAnaemia haemolyticaMegaloblastic AnemiasAnaemia megaloblasticaIron Deficiency AnemiaAnaemia ferriprivaAplastic AnemiaAnaemia aplasticaChanges in the Leukocyte FormulaLeucocytosisLeukemiasLeucosisChronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaLeucosis lymphocytica chronicaMultiple myelomaMyeloma multiplexLymphogranulomatosisGranuloma malignumHemorrhagic DiathesesDiathesis haemorrhagicaLeukocyte AlterationsLeukemoid reactionsHemoblastosesHaemoblastosisLymphomasLymphomaAcute Myeloid LeukemiasMyeloproliferative NeoplasmsComplications of LeukemiasChronic Myeloproliferative NeoplasmsPolycythaemia veraMyelodysplastic SyndromesLymphoproliferative DisordersAcute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaChronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaWaldenström MacroglobulinemiaHodgkin LymphomaLymphoma HodgkinCutaneous LymphomasMycosis fungoidesMastocytosisMastocytosisSplenic PathologySplenomegaliaCastleman diseaseCoagulopathiesHaemophiliaThrombocytopeniasThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopathiesThrombocytopathia
Pathology of the Cardiovascular System 38
AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosisAtherosclerotic plaqueMacula atheromatosaClinical and morphological forms of atherosclerosisEtiology and pathogenesis of essential hypertensionMorbus hypertonicusMorphology of essential hypertensionSecondary arterial hypertensionHypertensio arterialis symptomaticaCoronary Artery DiseaseMorbus ischemicus cordisSudden cardiac deathMors coronaria subitaMyocardial infarction: pathogenesisInfarctus myocardiiMorphology of myocardial infarctionPrimary cardiomyopathiesCardiomyopathiaSecondary cardiomyopathiesEndocarditisEndocarditisMyocarditisMyocarditisPericarditisPericarditisCongenital heart diseaseVitium cordis congenitumTetralogy of FallotTetras FallotPatent ductus arteriosusDuctus arteriosus apertusPulmonary artery stenosisStenosis arteriae pulmonalisCoarctation of the aortaCoarctatio aortaeAcquired heart defectsVitium cordis acquisitumAortic valve diseasesVitium valvae aortaeHeart transplantationTransplantatio cordisArterial diseasesArterial aneurysmsAneurysmaThrombophlebitisThrombophlebitisVaricose veinsVarixVasculitisVasculitisTakayasu arteritisAortoarteritis nonspecificaGranulomatosis with polyangiitisGranulomatosis WegenerThromboangiitis obliteransThromboangiitis obliteransGiant cell arteritisArteritis gigantocellularisKawasaki diseaseHemorrhagic vasculitisVasculitis haemorrhagicaPolyarteritis nodosaPolyarteritis nodosaVascular tumorsTumores vasorumComplications of sinusitisPulmonary infarction
Lung Diseases 41
Structure and functions of the lungsPulmoDefense mechanisms of the respiratory systemCongenital malformations of the lungsPulmonary atelectasisAtelectasisPulmonary hypertensionHypertensio pulmonalisPulmonary edemaOedema pulmonumAcute respiratory distress syndromeSyndromum distressus respiratorii acutiPneumoniaPneumoniaLobar pneumoniaPneumonia lobarisBronchopneumoniaBronchopneumoniaInterstitial pneumoniaPneumonia interstitialisChronic bronchitisBronchitis chronicaPulmonary emphysemaEmphysema pulmonumBronchial asthmaAsthma bronchialeInterstitial lung diseasesMorbi pulmonum interstitialesIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisAlveolitis fibrosans idiopathicaCryptogenic organizing pneumoniaBronchiolitis obliterans cum pneumonia organisataHypersensitivity pneumonitisAlveolitis allergica exogenaPulmonary sarcoidosisSarcoidosisPulmonary vasculitisVasculitis pulmonalisEtiology and pathogenesis of lung cancerClassification of lung cancerCarcinoma pulmonisMorphology of lung cancerCarcinoma pulmonisPneumoconiosis and silicosisPneumoconiosisAcute interstitial pneumoniaPneumonia interstitialis acutaChronic diffuse lung diseasesChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseMorbus pulmonis obstructivus chronicusBronchiectasisMorbus bronchiectaticusIdiopathic interstitial pneumoniasPulmonary vasculitisVasculitis pulmonalisLung cancerCarcinoma bronchogenialeClassification and morphology of lung cancerPneumoconiosisPneumoconiosisSilicosisSilicosisComplications of silicosisAsbestosisAsbestosisTalcosisTalcosisSiderosisPneumoconiosis sideroticaAnthracosisAnthracosisPneumoconiosis due to organic dustFibrosis
Chapter 25. Childhood Infections 7
Diseases of the Digestive System 28
TonsillitisTonsillitisCongenital malformations of the esophagusEsophagitisOesophagitisBarrett's esophagusEsophageal cancerCarcinoma oesophagiHelicobacter pylori gastritisGastritis chronicaAutoimmune and reactive gastritisPeptic ulcer diseaseUlcus pepticumSymptomatic gastric ulcersPathological anatomy of peptic ulcer diseasePrecancerous conditions of the stomachGastric cancerCarcinoma ventriculiMetastasis of gastric cancerChronic duodenitis and celiac diseaseDuodenitis chronicaUlcerative colitisColitis ulcerosaCrohn's diseaseMorbus CrohnIschemic and pseudomembranous colitisAppendicitisAppendicitisDiseases of the anal canalIntestinal obstructionIleusGastritisGastritisHelicobacter pyloriHelicobacter pyloriDiseases of the small intestineMorbus celiacusDiverticular disease of the intestineDiverticulosis intestiniDiseases of the anal canalHemorrhoidsHaemorrhoisColorectal cancerCarcinoma colorectaleAcute intestinal obstructionIleus
Rheumatic Diseases 17
Rheumatic diseasesMorbi rheumaticiConnective tissue disorganizationRheumatismRheumatismusAschoff bodyGranuloma rheumaticumClinical and morphological forms of rheumatic feverRheumatic endocarditisEndocarditis rheumaticaRheumatic myocarditis and pericarditisMyocarditis rheumaticaSystemic lupus erythematosusLupus erythematodes systhemicusVisceral manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosusNephritis lupicaRheumatoid ArthritisArthritis rheumatoidesPathological anatomy of rheumatoid arthritisJuvenile rheumatoid arthritisSystemic sclerosisSclerodermia systemicaVisceral manifestations of systemic sclerosisDermatomyositis and polymyositisDermatomyositisArthritisComplications of psoriasis
Diseases of the Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas 29
Pathological anatomy of hepatitisHepatitisViral hepatitis AHepatitis viralis AViral hepatitis EHepatitis viralis EViral hepatitis BHepatitis viralis BPathomorphology of viral hepatitis BLess common viral hepatitidesInfectious and parasitic liver diseasesNonspecific reactive hepatitisHepatitis reactiva non-specificaAutoimmune hepatitisHepatitis autoimmunisDrug-induced hepatitisAlcoholic liver diseaseSteatosis hepatisLiver cirrhosisCirrhosis hepatisMorphogenesis of liver cirrhosisPortal and postnecrotic liver cirrhosisAlcoholic liver cirrhosisComplications of liver cirrhosisPrimary biliary cirrhosisCirrhosis biliaris primariaSclerosing cholangitisCholangitis sclerosans primariaHemochromatosisHaemochromatosisCirculatory disorders of the liverLiver tumorsHepatocellular carcinomaCarcinoma hepatocellulareCholangiocarcinomaCholangiocarcinomaHepatoblastoma and vascular liver tumorsHepatoblastomaSecondary liver tumorsCholelithiasisCholelithiasisCholecystitisCholecystitisTumors of the gallbladder and bile ductsPancreatic tumors
Diseases of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract 25
Kidney diseasesGlomerulopathiesGlomerulopathiaAcute glomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis acutaRapidly progressive glomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis subacutaMembranous nephropathyNephropathia membranosaMinimal change diseaseFocal segmental glomerulosclerosisGlomerulosclerosis focalis segmentalisMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis membranoproliferativaIgA nephropathyNephrosclerosisNephrosclerosisRenal involvement in systemic diseasesDiabetic nephropathyNephropathia diabeticaRenal amyloidosisAmyloidosis renumAlport syndromeAcute tubular necrosisNecrosis tubulorum acutaPyelonephritisPyelonephritisUrolithiasisUrolithiasisKidney tumorsCarcinoma renaleCystitisCystitisAcute pyelonephritisPyelonephritis acutaChronic pyelonephritisPyelonephritis chronicaTubulointerstitial nephritisNephritis tubulointerstitialisMyeloma kidneyNephropathia myelomatosaBladder tumorsCarcinoma vesicae urinariaeComplications of cystitis
Chapter 16. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 26
Introduction to infectious diseasesAdenoviral infectionAdenovirosisTuberculosisTuberculosisBrucellosisBrucellosisAnthraxAnthraxRelapsing feverFebris recurrensDysenteryDysenteriaYersiniosisYersiniosisRickettsiosesRickettsiosesARVIARVIParainfluenzaParainfluensaRespiratory syncytial infectionRespiratory syncytial virus infectionMycosesMycosesTyphoid feverTyphus abdominalisSalmonellosisSalmonellosisSmallpoxVariola veraRabiesRabiesParasitic diseasesMorbi parasiticiCholeraCholeraPlaguePestisTularemiaTularemiaSyphilisSyphilisSepsisSepsisMalariaMalariaAmebiasisAmebiasisBalantidiasisBalantidiasis
Chapter 17. Diseases of the Nervous System 7
General pathology of the nervous systemCerebrovascular diseasesMorbi cerebrovascularesCNS infectious diseasesInfectiones systematis nervosi centralisDemyelinating diseasesMorbi demyelinisantesNeurodegenerative diseasesMorbi neurodegenerativiCentral nervous system tumorsTumores systematis nervosi centralisPathology of the peripheral nervous systemMorbi systematis nervosi peripherici
Chapter 18. Diseases of the Male Genital System 5
Chapter 19. Diseases of the Endocrine System 7
General pathology of the endocrine systemSystema endocrinumPathology of the endocrine pancreasPars endocrina pancreatisPathology of the thyroid glandGlandula thyroideaPathology of the parathyroid glandsGlandulae parathyroideaePathology of the pituitary glandHypophysisPathology of the adrenal glandsGlandula suprarenalisThyroid diseases
Chapter 20. Diseases of the Female Genital Organs and Mammary Glands 5
Inflammatory diseases of female genital organsMorbi inflammatorii organorum genitalium femininorumDyshormonal diseases of the uterus and mammary glandsMorbi dyshormonalesTumors of female genital organsTumores organorum genitalium femininorumPregnancy pathology and trophoblastic diseasesPathologia graviditatisBreast cancerCarcinoma mammae
Chapter 21. Pathology of Pregnancy 5
Chapter 22. Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System 9
Chapter 23. Skin Diseases 7
Chapter 24. Pediatric Diseases 11
Perinatal pathologyMorbi neonatorum et fetuHemolytic disease of the newbornMorbus haemolyticus neonatorumIntrauterine infectionsInfectiones intrauterinaeBirth traumaTrauma obstetricumNeonatal asphyxiaAsphyxia neonatorumPediatric infectious diseasesInfectiones infantumPneumonia in childrenPneumonia infantumDigestive system diseases in childrenMorbi digestorii infantumCongenital malformationsVitia congenitaRicketsRachitisPediatric tumorsNeoplasmata infantum
Chapter 26. Pediatric Tumors 9
Blog Articles: Pathological Anatomy
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