26 topics with concise breakdowns: definitions, key facts, and seminar questions.
This chapter is dedicated to morphological tissue changes upon the introduction of biological pathogens into the body. The section covers a huge spectrum of diseases: viral respiratory infections (ARVI, adenovirus, parainfluenza), classic bacterial lesions (tuberculosis, syphilis), a group of intestinal infections (dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis), as well as mycoses and parasitic infestations (malaria, amebiasis, balantidiasis). Special attention is paid to particularly dangerous infections — plague, anthrax, smallpox, and cholera.
Practical classes and exams traditionally require a precise knowledge of macro- and microscopic patterns. Most commonly, questions cover the differential diagnosis of specific granulomatous inflammation (especially in tuberculosis and syphilis), the staging of local changes in typhoid fever and dysentery, as well as the pathogenesis and morphology of sepsis. Without a solid understanding of these topics, the formation of clinical thinking and adequate interpretation of autopsy results are impossible.
These are diseases caused by the human resident opportunistic microflora during a sharp decrease in immunity (for example, in premature infants or after taking cytostatics). They lack strict specificity: the same microbe can affect different organs.
What is a specific microscopic sign of adenovirus infection?
The main diagnostic marker is the presence of "adenovirus cells". These are affected epithelial cells containing fuchsinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm and viral particles in the nuclei.
Why can the intestine be affected in pulmonary tuberculosis?
With extensive destruction of lung tissue, the patient swallows infected sputum (sputum). The gastric barrier is overcome against the background of exhaustion, and mycobacteria cause ulcerative lesions of the ileum and cecum (sputogenic ileitis).
In which week of the disease does the maximum risk of intestinal perforation occur?
The maximum risk of perforation with the subsequent development of peritonitis occurs in the 4th week (stage of clean ulcers), when the destructive process can reach the serous membrane.
What changes occur in the intestine in the 3rd week?
In the 3rd week, the stage of ulceration begins: necrotic masses are rejected, "dirty" ulcers with an uneven surface and overhanging edges are formed.
What are the main morphological stages distinguished in the development of typhoid lesions?
The process goes through the stages of proliferation, necrosis, ulceration (or formation of destructive foci) with subsequent transition to repair or scar formation.
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