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Pharmacology: class topics

Concise topic reviews following the medical school curriculum: definitions, key facts, morphology, and common questions for classes and exams. Find the topic matching your syllabus.

Drugs and Prescription 187

Atropine sulfateAtropini sulfasAceclidineAceclidinumAeronAeronHexoprenalineHexoprenalinumPirenzepinePirenzepinumIpratropium bromideIpratropii bromidumXylometazolineXylometazolineMetacinium iodideMethacinumNaphazolineNaphtysinumNeostigmineProserinumNorepinephrineNoradrenalini hydrotartrasPipecuronium bromidePipecuronium bromidPlatyphyllinePlatyphyllinumSalmeterolSalmeterolumSuxamethoniumDithylinumTropicamideTropicamidumFenoterolFenoterolumEpinephrineAdrenalini hydrochloridumEphedrine hydrochlorideEphedrini hydrochloridumAcetaminophenParacetamolumBromocriptineBromokriptinumSodium valproateNatrii valproasDiazepamDiazepamZolpidemZolpidemKetamine hydrochlorideKetamini hydrochloridumCaffeine and sodium benzoateCoffeinum-natrii benzoasLevodopa + CarbidopaNacomMedazepamMedazepamMidazolamMidazolamMorphine hydrochlorideMorphinum hydrochloridiNaloxoneNaloxoni hydrochloridumValerian tinctureTinctura ValerianaeTramadolTramadolTrihexyphenidylCyclodolumTrimeperidine hydrochloridePromedolumChlorpromazineAminazinumErgometrine maleateErgometrinum maleasAcidin-pepsinAcidin-pepsiniAlgeldrate + magnesium dioxideAlmagelumBisacodylBisacodylumApomorphineApomorphini hydrochloridumBismuth tripotassium dicitrateBismuthate tripotassium dicitrateDiluted hydrochloric acidAcidum hydrochloricum dilutumLoperamideLoperamideMetoclopramideMetoclopramidMisoprostolMisoprostoleSodium bicarbonateNatrii hydrocarbonasSodium sulfateNatrii sulfasOmeprazoleOmeprazolePancreatinPancreatinumRanitidineRanitidinActivated charcoalCarbo activatusUrsodeoxycholic acidUrsodesoxycholic acidCholenzymCholenzymumAminophyllineEuphyllinumBeclometasoneBeclomethasoneGlaucineGlaucini hydrochloridumZafirlukastZafirlukastKetotifenKetotifenCromoglicate sodiumCromolyn sodiumPrenoxdiazineLibexinTrypsinTrypsinum crystallisatumAngiotensinamideAngiotensinamidumAmiodaroneAmiodaroneVinpocetineVinpocetinumDigitoxinDigitoxinumPotassium and magnesium asparaginateTabulettae «Panangin»Potassium chlorideKalii chloridumLovastatinLovastatinumNitroglycerinNitroglycerinumNitrong tabletsNitrongPentoxifyllinePentoxyphyllinumProcainamideNovocainamidumStrophanthine KStrophanthinum KSimvastatinSimvastatinumQuinidineChinidini sulfasHydrochlorothiazideHydrochlorothiazidumMannitolMannitumTriamtereneTriamterenumFurosemideFurosemidumChlortalidoneChlortalidonumDinoprostoneDinoprostoneOxytocinOxytocinumAminocaproic acidAcidum aminocapronicumAlteplaseAlteplaseAcetylsalicylic acidAcidum acetylsalicylicumWarfarinWarfarinHeparin sodiumHeparini natriumFolic acidAcidum folicumMenadione sodium bisulfiteVicasolumProtamine sulfateProtamine sulfateStreptokinaseStreptokinaseThrombinThrombinumPhytomenadionePhytomenadionumFerrous sulfateFerrosi sulfasEnoxaparinEnoxaparineEpoetin alfaEpoetin alfaMolgramostimMolgramostimAscorbic acidAcidum ascorbinicumGemfibrozilGemfibrozilumDexamethasoneDexamethasonumCalcitriolCalcitriolLevothyroxine sodiumL-ThyroxinTestosterone propionateTestosteroni propionasMetforminMetforminumCalcitoninMiacalcicRetinolRetinoli acetasPrednisolonePrednisolonumSulfinpyrazoneSulfinpirazoneThiamazoleMercazolylumThiamineThiamini bromidumFinasterideFinasteridFluocinolone acetonideFluocinolone acetonideErgocalciferolErgocalciferolumAldesleukinAldesleukinHydrocortisone acetateHydrocortisoni acetasDiclofenac sodiumDiclofenac-natriumDiphenhydramineDimedrolumInterferonInterferonumInfliximabInflixsimabLoratadineLoratadineMebhydrolinDiazolinumCetirizineCetirizineZinc oxideZinci oxidumHydrogen peroxide solutionSolutio Hydrogenii peroxidii dilutaNitrofuralFuracilinumAztreonamAztreonamAzlocillinAzlocillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinumAmpicillinAmpicillinumAugmentinAugmentinBenzylpenicillin sodiumBenzylpenicillinum-natriumBenzathine benzylpenicillinBicillinum-1VancomycinVancomycinCarbenicillinCarbenicillinum dinatricumLinezolidLinezolideMeropenemMeropenemPhenoxymethylpenicillinPhenoxymethylpenicillinCefaclorCefaclorCefuroximeCefuroximCeftriaxoneCeftriaxonCeftazidimeCeftazidimCo-trimoxazoleCo-TrimoxazoleNitroxolineNitroxolinumSulfadimethoxineSulfadimethoxinumSulfaethidoleAethazolumSulfaleneSulfalenumSulfacetamideSulfacylum-natriumSulfacarbamideUrosulfanumPhthalylsulfathiazolePhthalazolumAzithromycinAzitromycinAmikacinAmikacini sulfasGentamicinGentamycini sulfasDoxycyclineDoxycycline hydrochloridumClarithromycinClarithromycinClindamycinClindamycinChloramphenicolLaevomycetinumNetilmicinNetilmicinSodium aminosalicylateNatrii paraaminosalicylasTiloroneAmixinumUmifenovirArbidolOseltamivirOseltamivirRimantadineRemantadinSaquinavirSaquinavirDry human leukocyte interferonInterferonum leucocyticum humanum siccumMetronidazoleMetronidazolumPiperazine adipatePiperazini adipinasPyrimethaminePyrimethaminePyrantel pamoatePyrantelFurazolidoneFurazolidonumAmphotericin BAmphotericinum BNystatinNistatinumTerbinafineTerbinafineFluconazoleFluconazoleDoxorubicinDoxorubicinumLetrozoleLetrozoleTamoxifenTamoxifenumFluorouracilFluorouracilumDimercaprolUnithiolumDipyroximeDipiroximumCalcium folinateCalcium folinateMethylene blueMethylenum coeruleumDisulfiramDisulfiramSodium thiosulfateNatrii thiosulfasPharmacological drug classesHistamine receptors mechanism of actionAnticholinergics

General Pharmacology 67

PharmacokineticsPharmacocineticaBiological barriersPassive diffusionDiffusio passivaIonization of drugsActive transportTransportus activusSLC and ABC family transporter proteinsEndocytosis and paracellular transportRoutes of drug administrationEnteral routes of administrationPer os, Sub lingua, Per rectumEffect of food and GI motility on absorptionDosage formsBioavailability and presystemic eliminationParenteral routes of administration (intravenous, intra-arterial)Injectio intravenosaIntramuscular and subcutaneous administrationInjectio intramuscularis, Injectio subcutaneaOther parenteral and local routes of administrationDrug distributionVolume of distributionDrug metabolismCytochrome P450 systemNon-CYP enzymes and genetic polymorphismDrug excretionDistribution and elimination phasesEffect of age on pharmacokineticsHistohematic barriersBlood-brain barrierRole of P-glycoproteinPlacental barrierDistribution and storage of drugsBiotransformation of drugsProdrugsFactors affecting drug metabolismEnzyme induction and inhibitionPharmacokinetic modelingDrug eliminationEliminatioClearanceClearanceDrug dosingBioavailabilityAnalysis of pharmacokinetic curvesDrug absorptionAbsorptioPharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics of membrane receptorsCatalytic receptorsIonotropic receptorsMetabotropic receptorsIntracellular receptorsChemical bonding of drugs to receptorsAffinity and intrinsic activityReceptor agonists and antagonistsDynamic receptor regulationTargets of drug actionTypes of drug actionAdverse effects of drugsFactors influencing drug actionDrug dosagesRepeated drug administrationDrug dependenceCombined drug actionDrug incompatibility and interactionsChronopharmacologyTypes of pharmacotherapyClassification of adverse drug reactionsEffects of drugs on the fetusPharmacist action algorithm for adverse effectsToxic effects of drugsDrug-induced dysbiosisDrug allergyNeurotropic drugs

Cardiovascular Drugs 57

Mechanism of action of blockersCoronary artery disease: coronary circulatory insufficiencyOrganic nitratesIsosorbide dinitrateIsosorbidi dinitrasIsosorbide mononitrateIsosorbidi mononitrasMolsidomineMolsidominumCalcium channel blockersVerapamilVerapamilumDiltiazemDiltiazemumNifedipineNifedipinumAmlodipineAmlodipinumBeta-blockers in coronary artery diseaseIvabradineIvabradinumDipyridamoleDipyridamolumValidolValidolumTrimetazidineTrimetazidinumPharmacotherapy of acute coronary syndromeAntihypertensive agentsPhysiological mechanisms of blood pressure regulationCentrally acting antihypertensive drugsGuanfacineGuanfacinumMethyldopaMethyldopumMoxonidineMoxonidinumAlpha- and beta-blockersAlpha-blockersPrazosinPrazosinumDoxazosinDoxazosinumAgents reducing renin-angiotensin system activityCaptoprilCaptoprilumEnalaprilEnalaprilumVasopeptidase inhibitorsAngiotensin II receptor blockersLosartanLosartanumIrbesartanIrbesartanumDirect-acting (myotropic) antihypertensive agentsCalcium channel blockers (Amlodipine, Nifedipine)Amlodipinum, NifedipinumPotassium channel activatorsMinoxidil, DiazoxideSodium nitroprussideNatrii nitroprussidumHydralazine and dihydralazineHydralazinum, DihydralazinumNatriuretic peptides and their agonistsNesiritidumVasopressin and endothelin antagonistsTezosentanDiuretics in the treatment of arterial hypertensionIndapamidumCombination antihypertensive drugsImidazoline receptor agonistsHypertensive agentsAngiotensinamidumTachycardia as an adverse effectMechanisms of the hypotensive action of drugsPhysiology of myocardial contractionDigoxinDigoxinumStrophanthin and corglyconStrophanthinumCardiac glycoside toxicityNon-glycoside cardiotonicsChronic heart failurePharmacotherapy of chronic heart failurePharmacotherapy of acute heart failureDrugs for cerebrovascular disordersMechanism of action of inhibitors

Analgesics 50

Local anestheticsCocaineCocainumTetracaineTetracainumBenzocaineBenzocainumProcaineProcainumTrimecaineTrimecainumBupivacaineBupivacainumArticaineArticainumLidocaineLidocainumAstringentsDemulcentsAdsorbentsIrritantsOpioid receptorsSpinal mechanism of opioid actionNarcotic analgesics (Opioids)Antinociceptive systemSupraspinal action of opioidsMorphineMorphinumAcute morphine poisoningPantoponOmnoponumTrimeperidine (Promedol)TrimeperidinumFentanylFentanylumMethadoneMethadonumBuprenorphineBuprenorphinumPentazocinePentazocinumOpioid receptor antagonistsCentrally acting non-opioid analgesicsClonidineClonidinumParacetamolParacetamolumNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Metamizole sodium (Analgin)Metamizolum natriumKetorolac (Ketanov)KetorolacumSteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsAdverse effects of NSAIDsIbuprofenIbuprofenumIndometacinIndometacinumMeloxicamMeloxicamumCelecoxibCelecoxibumNimesulideNimesulidumDisease-modifying antirheumatic drugsGold preparationsAuranofinumChloroquineChloroquinumLeflunomideLeflunomidumAzathioprineAzathioprinumBiologics in rheumatoid arthritisAntigout drugsColchicineColchicinumAllopurinolAllopurinolum

Special Pharmacology 24

MentholMentholumCounterirritant effectAutonomic nervous systemSystema nervosum autonomicumSynapses of the autonomic nervous systemGeneral anestheticsAnaesthetica generaliaStages of anesthesiaInhalation anestheticsHalothaneHalothanumNitrous oxide and XenonDinitrogenii oxidum / XenonumNon-inhalation anestheticsPropanididPropanididumPropofolPropofolumEtomidateEtomidatumKetamineKetaminumThiopental sodiumThiopentalum natriumSodium oxybateNatrii oxybutyrasComparative profile of general anestheticsPhysiology of sleepHypnoticsHypnoticaAnalepticsAnalepticaNikethamideNikethamidumAnaleptic mixturePhysiological regulation of respirationRespiratory stimulants

Drugs Acting on Cholinergic Synapses 25

Structure and physiology of synapsesSynapsisMuscarinic receptorsMuscarinic acetylcholine receptorsNicotinic receptorsNicotinic acetylcholine receptorsPilocarpinePilocarpinumMuscarinic agonistsM-cholinomimeticaNicotinic agonistsN-cholinomimeticaAcetylcholineAcetylcholinumAnticholinesterase drugsAnticholinesterase drugsNeostigmineNeostigmini methylsulfasCentral anticholinesterase agentsPhysostigminumOrganophosphatesOrganophosphoriMuscarinic antagonistsAnticholinergica (M-cholinoblocatores)Muscarinic antagonists: pharmacodynamics and clinical useAtropineAtropinumScopolamineScopolaminumPlatyphylline and pirenzepinePlatyphyllinum, PirenzepinumIpratropium bromide and tiotropium bromideIpratropii bromidum, Tiotropii bromidumMuscarinic antagonists in ophthalmologyGanglion blockersNon-depolarizing muscle relaxantsDepolarizing muscle relaxantsSuxamethonii chloridumBotulinum toxinToxinum botulinicumInteraction of cholinotropic drugsAtropine as an antidoteCholinergic receptors

Additional Topics 43

Eye dropsPharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamicsMechanism of action of statinsMechanism of Action of Beta-BlockersCholinomimeticsMechanism of Action of Anti-inflammatory DrugsSide Effects of LevothyroxineAntibiotic Reconstitution GuidelinesBroad-Spectrum AntibioticsPharmacology of Testosterone and Anabolic SteroidsAntibiotic ClassesPenicillinsCephalosporin AntibioticsMechanism of Action of PenicillinsAntidotes for Organophosphate PoisoningPulse TherapyRivaroxaban PrescriptionBronchodilatorsUse of Magnesium Sulfate in NeurologyComplications of AnesthesiaSide Effects of Combined Oral ContraceptivesAntithrombotic TherapyBisphosphonatesPrescription Writing RulesHormone Therapy in OncologyAntipyreticsMuscle RelaxantsComplications of Insulin TherapyCholinergic DrugsBiologicals and AntibioticsAntibacterial AgentsCombination TherapyGlucocorticosteroids: PrednisoloneAntihypertensive TherapySildenafilLipid-Lowering TherapyAntihistamine TherapyPharmacodynamics of NitroglycerinSystemic RetinoidsTetracycline Prescription in LatinBenzobarbital PrescriptionComplications of Parenteral Drug AdministrationAntivirals for Herpes

Agents acting on adrenergic synapses 31

Drugs Acting on Adrenergic SynapsesPhenylephrinePhenylephrinumAlpha-2 Adrenoceptor AgonistsClonidinumBeta-1 Adrenoceptor AgonistsDobutaminumBeta-2 Adrenoceptor AgonistsIsoprenalineIsoprenalinumNorepinephrineNorepinephrinumEpinephrineEpinephrinumEphedrineEphedrinumNon-selective Alpha-BlockersPhentolaminumDihydrogenated Ergot AlkaloidsAlpha-1 BlockersBeta-BlockersPropranololumPropranololPropranololumNadololNadololumTimololTimololumBeta-Blockers with Intrinsic Sympathomimetic ActivityCardioselective Beta-BlockersMetoprololMetoprololumAtenololAtenololumBetaxololBetaxololumBisoprololBisoprololumNebivololNebivololumCarvedilolCarvedilolumProxodololProxodololumPharmacology of beta-blockersSympatholyticsReserpinumGuanethidineGuanethidinumClonidineClonidinumDobutamineDobutaminumComparative profile of adrenergic blockers

Agents Used in Psychiatry and Neurology 65

Mechanism of action of neurotransmittersBenzodiazepine hypnoticsPharmacology of benzodiazepinesNitrazepamNitrazepamumBenzodiazepine hypnotics (Flunitrazepam, Triazolam, Midazolam)Z-drugs (non-benzodiazepine hypnotics)H1-histamine receptor blockers (hypnotics)Melatonin receptor agonistsBarbiturates (Hypnotics)Phenobarbital and CyclobarbitalPhenobarbitalumBarbiturate poisoningAliphatic hypnotics (Chloral hydrate, Clomethiazole)Epilepsy (pathogenesis and seizure types)Classification of antiepileptic drugsAntiepileptic drugsAntiepilepticaPhenytoinPhenytoinumCarbamazepineCarbamazepinumLamotrigineLamotriginumPhenobarbitalPhenobarbitalumBenzodiazepines in epilepsyGABA metabolism-modulating agentsEthosuximideEthosuximidumValproic acidAcidum valproicumTopiramateTopiramatumSelection of antiepileptic medicationAntiparkinsonian drugsAntiparkinsonicaLevodopaLevodopumCOMT inhibitorsSelegilineSelegilinumAmantadineAmantadinumDopamine receptor agonistsCentral anticholinergicsPrinciples of pharmacotherapy for parkinsonismAnalgesicsPathophysiology of painTypical antipsychoticsPhenothiazine derivativesThioridazineThioridazinumButyrophenone derivativesThioxanthene derivativesAtypical antipsychoticsClozapineClozapinumOlanzapineOlanzapinumRisperidoneRisperidonumAripiprazoleAripiprazolumAntidepressantsTricyclic antidepressantsAmitriptylineAmitriptylinumSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsFluoxetineFluoxetinumSelective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorsMAO inhibitorsAtypical antidepressantsMood stabilizersAnxiolyticsBenzodiazepinesNon-benzodiazepine anxiolyticsSedativesPsychostimulantsMesocarbMesocarbumCaffeineCoffeinumPiracetamPiracetamumMemantineMemantinumAntipsychoticsChlorpromazineChlorpromazinum

Agents acting on the respiratory system 17

Respiratory analepticsAnalepticaAntitussivesAntitussivaMucolyticsMucolyticaAcetylcysteineAcetylcysteinumAmbroxolAmbroxolumBromhexineBromhexinumExpectorantsExpectorantiaBronchial asthmaAsthma bronchialeInhaled anticholinergicsM-cholinoblockatoresMethylxanthinesMethylxanthinesInhaled glucocorticosteroidsGlucocorticosteroidesMast cell stabilizer agentsCromonesLeukotriene receptor antagonistsOmalizumabOmalizumabumChronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseMorbus pulmonalis obstructivus chronicusRoflumilastRoflumilastumPulmonary surfactantsSurfactantes

Antiarrhythmic agents 12

Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmia pathogenesisMechanisms of arrhythmogenesis and principles of therapyClassification of antiarrhythmic drugsClass IA antiarrhythmic drugsClass IB antiarrhythmic drugsClass IC antiarrhythmic drugsClass II antiarrhythmic drugsClass III antiarrhythmic drugsClass IV antiarrhythmic drugsOther antiarrhythmic drugsPharmacotherapy of ventricular arrhythmiasCoronary artery disease: etiology and pathogenesis

Blood Pressure-Raising Agents (Hypertensive Agents) 4

Cardiotonic agentsMechanism of cardiomyocyte contractionCardiac glycosidesGlycosida cardiacaLevosimendanLevosimendanum

Drugs used for cerebrovascular disorders 11

NimodipineNimodipinumCinnarizineCinnarizinumVinca alkaloid derivativesErgot alkaloid derivativesNicotinic acid derivativesNeuroprotectants and prevention of ischemic strokeDrugs for migraine treatmentSumatriptanSumatriptanumClassification of drugs affecting cerebral circulationPathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the role of lipidsLipid transport and lipoproteins

Angioprotectors 4

AngioprotectorsAngioprotectivaRutosideRutosidumDiosminDiosminumAescinAescinum

Drugs used in atherosclerosis 9

Hypolipidemic agentsLipoproteinsLipoproteinaPathogenesis of atherosclerosis and hyperlipoproteinemiaStatinsEzetimibeEzetimibumBile acid sequestrantsFibratesNicotinic acidAcidum nicotinicumAntioxidants and angioprotectors in atherosclerosis

Hematopoiesis-regulating agents 7

Iron preparationsFerri praeparataErythropoietin preparationsErythropoietinumCyanocobalaminCyanocobalaminumFolic acidAcidum folicumLeukopoiesis-stimulating agentsHematopoiesis-suppressing agentsHemostasis

Drugs affecting myometrial tone and contractile activity 7

Oxytocin and posterior pituitary preparationsOxytocinumProstaglandins affecting the myometriumProstaglandinaErgot alkaloidsSecale cornutumTocolyticsTocolyticaHormonal preparations for maintaining pregnancyHydroxyprogesteronumAgents affecting cervical dilationAgents affecting appetiteAmara

Diuretics 7

Classification of diureticsLoop diureticsThiazide diureticsPotassium-sparing diureticsOsmotic diureticsMannitolumCarbonic anhydrase inhibitorsAcetazolamidumAgents affecting the myometrium

Agents affecting hemostasis and thrombosis 26

IndobufenIndobufenAbciximabAbciximabEptifibatideEptifibatideHemostasis and thrombus formationAntiplatelet agentsProstacyclin receptor agonistsP2Y12 receptor antagonistsTiclopidineTiclopidinumClopidogrelClopidogrelumPrasugrelPrasugrelumTicagrelorTicagrelorPlatelet phosphodiesterase inhibitorsDipyridamolumAnticoagulantsDirect-acting anticoagulantsHeparinHeparinumLow-molecular-weight heparinsFondaparinux sodiumFondaparinuxum natricumHeparinoidsHeparinoidaDirect thrombin inhibitorsNovel oral anticoagulantsAnticoagulants inhibiting factors Va and VIIIaIndirect anticoagulantsAgents increasing blood clottingFibrinolytic agentsAntifibrinolytic agentsDiuretics

Drugs Affecting Digestive System Functions 17

EmeticsEmeticaAntiemeticsAntiemeticaAntacidsAntacidaH2-receptor antagonistsProton pump inhibitorsOmeprazolumM-cholinergic antagonists in gastroenterologyGastrointestinal cytoprotectorsDigestive enzyme preparationsProtease inhibitorsCholeretics and cholegoguesCholagogaHepatoprotective agentsGallstone dissolution agentsProkineticsLaxativesLaxantiaCarminatives and antifoaming agentsAntidiarrheal agentsAntidiarrhoicaProbioticsProbiotica

Vitamins 14

VitaminsVitaminaVitamin ARetinolumVitamin DColecalciferolumVitamin ETocopheroli acetasVitamin KPhytomenadionumVitamin B1ThiaminumVitamin B2RiboflavinumVitamin B6PyridoxinumVitamin B12CyanocobalaminumVitamins PP and PAcidum nicotinicumVitamin CAcidum ascorbicumVitamin-like substances and plant-derived vitaminsMultivitamin preparations and cytaminsArachidonic acid metabolism

Antigout agents 7

Uricostatic agentsUricosuric agentsAcute gout attackColchicinumPharmacology of antigout drugsImmunotropic agentsT-lymphocyte activationT-lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation

Hormonal preparations, their synthetic substitutes, and antagonists 54

TolbutamideTolbutamidumMitotane and AminoglutethimideMitotanum, AminoglutethimidumProgestogensGestagenaEstrogensEstrogenaTestosteroneTestosteronumAndrogen antagonistsMechanism of hormone actionEffects of steroid hormonesDanazolDanazolumHypothalamic and pituitary hormonesSermorelinSermorelinumProtirelinProtirelinumSomatostatin and its analoguesSomatostatinum, OctreotidumDopamine receptor agonistsBromocriptinum, CabergolinumGonadotropic agentsClomifeneClomifenumCorticotropinCorticotropinum, TetracosactidumSomatropinSomatropinumPosterior pituitary hormonesOxytocinum, Demoxytocinum, DesmopressinumPineal gland hormonesMelatoninumCalcium-regulating hormonesParathyreoidinum, CalcitoninumThyroid hormonesLiothyroninum, LevothyroxinumIodine preparationsKalii iodidumAntithyroid agentsInsulinInsulinumAntidiabetic agentsShort- and rapid-acting insulinInsulinumOral hypoglycemic agentsSulfonylureasGliclazide and GlimepirideGliclazidum, GlimepiridumMeglitinides (Glinides)Incretin mimeticsBiguanidesMetforminumThiazolidinedionesAlpha-glucosidase inhibitorsAcarboseHerbal remedies for diabetes mellitusGlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoidaPrednisolone and MethylprednisolonePrednisolonum, MethylprednisolonumDexamethasone and BetamethasoneDexamethasonum, BetamethasonumMineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoidaFemale sex hormonesEstrogenaEstrogen receptor modulatorsHormonal contraceptivesCombined oral contraceptivesProgestogen-only contraceptivesEmergency contraceptionMenopausal hormone replacement therapyAndrogensAndrogenaAnabolic steroidsSteroida anabolicaAntiandrogensHypothalamic hormones and their analoguesThyroid disease medicationsHypoglycemic agentsEstrogen preparations

Antiseptic and Disinfecting Agents 20

Antiseptics and disinfectantsHalogens and halogen-containing compoundsChlorhexidineChlorhexidineSodium hypochlorite and other chlorine-containing antisepticsNatrii hypochlorisIodine compoundsIodumIodophoresHydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxidePotassium permanganateKalii permanganasAcids and alkalisHeavy metal saltsAldehydes and alcoholsEthanolSpiritus aethylicusAromatic compoundsDyesDetergentsNitrofuran derivativesSynthetic antisepticsPlant-derived antisepticsAntiseptics guideChemotherapy

Agents regulating immune processes 34

ImmunosuppressantsMycophenolic acidAcidum mycophenolicumGlucocorticoids as immunosuppressantsCyclosporineCyclosporinumTacrolimusTacrolimusumSirolimusSirolimusumImmunosuppressive monoclonal antibodiesDaclizumabDaclizumabumMuromonab-CD3Muromonab-CD3AlemtuzumabAlemtuzumabumImmunostimulantsColony-stimulating factorsInterferon preparationsInterferonaInterleukin preparationsOprelvekinOprelvekinumThymus preparationsBone marrow preparationsImmunofanImmunofanumLevamisoleLevamisolumPolyoxidoniumAzoximeri bromidumMicrobial-derived immunostimulantsInterferon inducersTiloroneTiloronumCycloferonMeglumini acridonacetasEchinacea preparationsGalavitErbisolThalidomideThalidomidumAntiallergic agentsHistamine and histamine receptorsHistaminumH1 antihistaminesAntileukotriene agentsSymptomatic antiallergic agentsMechanism of action of adrenaline

Antifungal agents 14

Antifungal agentsAntimycoticaPolyene antibioticsNatamycinNatamycinumGriseofulvinGriseofulvinumFlucytosineFlucytosinumAzolesClotrimazoleClotrimazolumKetoconazoleKetoconazolumMiconazoleMiconazolumTriazolesEchinocandinsSqualene epoxidase inhibitorsTopical synthetic antifungal agentsVirusesVira

Antiviral agents 22

Antiherpetic agentsAcyclovirAcyclovirumPenciclovir and FamciclovirPenciclovirum, FamciclovirumTopical antiherpetic agentsGanciclovirGanciclovirumCidofovir and FoscarnetCidofovirum, FoscarnetumAntiretroviral agentsZidovudineZidovudinumLamivudine and TenofovirLamivudinum, TenofovirumNon-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsHIV protease inhibitorsHIV entry inhibitorsHIV integrase inhibitorsAnti-influenza agentsAdamantane derivativesAmantadinum, RimantadinumNeuraminidase inhibitorsOseltamivirum, ZanamivirumInterferonsInterferonumRibavirinRibavirinumDrugs for hepatitis B treatmentImmunoprophylaxis of viral infectionsClassification of antiviral drugsMalaria causative agentsPlasmodium

Drugs for protozoan infections 21

Antimalarial drugsQuinineChininumArtemisininArtemisininumPrimaquinePrimachinumAtovaquoneAtovaquonumAntifolate antimalarial drugsPyrimethaminumAntiamoebic drugsMetronidazolumDrugs for the treatment of leishmaniasisDrugs for the treatment of African trypanosomiasisSuraminumDrugs for the treatment of Chagas diseaseNifurtimoxDrugs for the treatment of trichomoniasis and giardiasisEmetine and aminoquinolEmetinumDrugs for the treatment of nematodiasisMebendazoleMebendazolumPyrantelPyrantelumLevamisole and piperazineLevamisolum, PiperazinumNiclosamideNiclosamidumPraziquantelPraziquantelumDrugs for the treatment of extraintestinal helminthiasesChloxylumDiethylcarbamazineDiethylcarbamazinumSelection of anthelmintic drugs

Antineoplastic agents 8

Antineoplastic drugsAntimetabolitesAlkylating agentsAntineoplastic antibioticsPlant-derived antineoplastic drugsHormonal antineoplastic drugsTargeted antineoplastic drugsAntineoplastic enzymes and topoisomerase inhibitors

Antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents 60

Bacterial protein synthesis: antibiotic targetsPeptidoglycan synthesis (bacterial cell wall)Classification of antibioticsSulfonamidesSulfanilamidaUrinary antiseptics and intestinal antisepticsAntitubercular drugsSelection of antimicrobial therapy by pathogenMechanisms of antibiotic actionMicrobial resistanceBeta-Lactam AntibioticsNatural penicillinsSemisynthetic penicillinsAntipseudomonal penicillinsBeta-lactamase inhibitor-protected penicillinsCephalosporinsFourth-generation cephalosporinsBeta-lactamase inhibitor-protected cephalosporinsCarbapenemsMonobactamsAztreonamFosfomycinFosfomycinCycloserineCycloserinumBacitracinBacitracinumAntibiotics inhibiting protein synthesisMacrolidesErythromycinErythromycinumSemisynthetic and natural macrolidesKetolidesTelithromycinLincosamidesChloramphenicolChloramphenicolumAminoglycosidesAminocyclitolsSpectinomycinumTetracyclinesGlycylcyclinesTigecyclinumStreptograminsPolymyxinsRifamycinsRifampicinumSide effects of antibioticsSystemic sulfonamidesSulfanilamidesEnteric-acting sulfonamidesTopical sulfonamidesSulfasalazinumSulfonesSide effects of sulfonamidesDihydrofolate reductase inhibitorsCo-trimoxazolumNon-fluorinated quinolonesAcidum nalidixicumFluoroquinolonesFluoroquinolonesRespiratory fluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacinCiprofloxacinumOfloxacinOfloxacinumLevofloxacinLevofloxacinumMoxifloxacinMoxifloxacinum8-hydroxyquinoline derivativesNitroxolinumQuinoxaline derivativesHydroxymethylchinoxilindioxidumOxazolidinonesLinezolidAntisyphilitic agentsIsoniazidIsoniazidumRifampicinRifampicinumEthambutolEthambutolumSecond-line antituberculosis drugsRational antibiotic combinationsImipenemBactericidal antibiotics

Blog articles: Pharmacology

13 articles
Pharmacology

Cytochrome P450 (CYP): Isoforms, Inducers, Inhibitors, and Clinical Interactions

Cytochrome P450: CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, 1A2 — Substrates, Inducers, Inhibitors; Clinically Significant Drug Interactions and Pharmacogenetics.

April 11, 20265 minPharmacology

Antihypertensive drugs: classification and combinations

Antihypertensive drugs by class: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, diuretics, beta-blockers — mechanisms, indications, and rational combinations.

April 11, 20265 minPharmacology

Antiarrhythmic drugs: Vaughan Williams classification with a table and examples

Antiarrhythmic drugs: Vaughan Williams classification (classes I–IV), mechanisms, indications, side effects of amiodarone, sotalol, and propafenone.

April 11, 20265 minPharmacology

Diuretics: classification, mechanism of action, and clinical use

Diuretics: loop (furosemide, torsemide), thiazide, potassium-sparing (spironolactone), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — mechanisms, indications, and side effects.

April 11, 20264 minPharmacology

Analgesics: opioid and non-opioid — mechanisms, classification, and the WHO ladder

Analgesics: opioid and non-opioid drugs, the 3-step WHO ladder, NSAIDs, paracetamol, morphine, fentanyl, and adjuvants for neuropathic pain.

April 11, 20265 minPharmacology

Glucocorticoids: mechanism of action, equivalent doses, and side effects

Glucocorticoids: mechanism, equivalent dose table (prednisolone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone), indications, side effects, and rules for gradual tapering.

April 11, 20265 min
All articles: Pharmacology

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