24 concise topics with brief reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
In this section of special pharmacology, we examine drugs that regulate the functions of the central and autonomic nervous systems, as well as the respiratory process. The basis includes topics on sleep physiology, regulation of breathing, and ANS synapses.
The material covers all aspects of general anesthesia: from the stages of anesthesia to a detailed analysis of inhalation (halothane, xenon, nitrous oxide) and non-inhalation anesthetics (propofol, ketamine, sodium thiopental, propanidid, etomidate, sodium oxybate). A separate block features respiratory stimulants and analeptics (nikethamide, analeptic mixture), hypnotics, as well as counter-irritant agents such as menthol.
In class, instructors most frequently ask about the stages of anesthesia, comparative characteristics of general anesthetics (especially the differences between propofol and ketamine), and the sites of action of analeptics. Pay special attention to the structure of autonomic nervous system synapses — this is the foundation for understanding all neuropharmacology.
It is a terpene alcohol, which is the main component of peppermint essential oil.
Is the participation of the brain or spinal cord required for an axon reflex to develop?
No, the occurrence of antidromic impulse conduction along axon branches takes place at the local level without the participation of CNS structures.
Which neurotransmitter operates in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system?
At the preganglionic level in both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, acetylcholine is released. It acts on nicotinic N-cholinergic receptors of the postganglionic neuron.
Which excitatory receptors are blocked by general anesthetics?
First and foremost, they depress the activity of glutamate receptors, specifically NMDA receptors.
Why does the excitement stage occur if general anesthesia is depression of the central nervous system?
The "disinhibition" phenomenon occurs. The cerebral cortex is suppressed and ceases to control subcortical centers (especially the midbrain), leading to their uncontrolled chaotic activity.
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