Anatomical nomenclature
Among the anatomical structures starting with the letter "R", head and neck organs stand out, as well as elements of the musculoskeletal system. These include the iris of the eye (iris, ĭdis f), cornea (cornea, ae f), concha (concha, ae f), and hiatus or cleft (hiātus, us m). Major bone and tooth structures include the rib (costa, ae f), horn (cornu, us n), and incisor (dens incisīvus). The oral cavity is designated by the word os, oris n, and the upper extremity by manus, us f. The fontanelle (fonticŭlus, i m) is also mentioned.
A vast layer of terminology is presented under the letter "S". Internal organs include the heart (cor, cordis n), spleen (lien, ēnis m or splen, splēnis m), and cecum (caecum, i n). The skeletal and joint system is described by the terms skeleton (skelĕton, i n), cranial vault (calvaria, ae f), ischium (os ischii or ischium), ligament (ligamentum, i n), joint (articulatio, ōnis f), and foot (pes, pedis m). The vascular system uses the words vessel (vas, vasis n), carotid artery (a. carōtis, ĭdis f), and venous sinus (sinus, us m). Sensory organs include the retina (retīna, ae f), sclera (sclera, ae f), and tear (lacrima, ae f).
Clinical and pathological terms
When describing pathological conditions, terms starting with "R" are frequently used: wound (vulnus, ĕris n), rupture (ruptūra, ae f), malignant neoplasms such as cancer (cancer, cri m or carcinōma, ătis n). Surgical interventions include incision or section (incisio, ōnis f; sectio, ōnis f), as well as replantation (replantatio, ōnis f). Concepts such as reflux (refluxus, us m) and childbirth (partus, us m) are also found.
). The "S" section includes such serious diagnoses and conditions as sarcoma (sarcōma, ătis n) and sepsis or pyemia (sepsis, is f), anthrax (anthrax, acis m), sclerosis (sclerōsis, is f), concussion (commotio, ōnis f), spasm (spasmus, i m), tabes (tabes, is f), stupor (stupor, ōris m). Symptom complexes are described by the terms symptom (symptōma, atis n) and syndrome (syndrŏmum, i n). Physiological processes and movements are denoted by the words flexion (flexio, ōnis f), extension (extensio, ōnis f), supination (supinatio, ōnis f), coagulation (coagulatio, onis f), closure (occlusio, ōnis f).
Pharmacology, botany, and prescription writing
A medical student needs to know the names of medicinal plants, drugs, and forms. Under the letter "R", these include plant (planta, ae f), rhubarb (rheum, i n), and chamomile (chamomilla, ae f). Specified drugs include raunatin (raunatīnum, i n), reserpine (reserpīnum, i n), and rutin (rutīnum, i n).
Terms starting with "S" include sabadilla or aloe (aloë, ës f), senna (senna, ae f), and strophanthus (strophanthus, i m). Chemical and drug names are widely represented: sugar (sacchărum, i n), lead (plumbum, i n), sulfur (sulfur, ŭris n), synthomycin (synthomycīnum, i n), scopolamine (scopolamīnum, i n), streptocide (streptocīdum, i n), and sulfate (sulfas, ātis m).
Dosage forms and remedies include solution (solutio, ōnis f), medicinal herbs/species (species, erum f pl), suppository (suppositorium, i n), syrup (sirŭpus, i m), suspension (suspensio, ōnis f), and remedy (remedium, i n). Prescriptions use the preposition "with" — cum (used with the Ablativus), as well as the important expression as much as required — quantum satis.
Adjectives, verbs, and general characteristics
A variety of adjectives are used for precise descriptions. Starting with "R", these include equal (par, paris), diluted (dilūtus, a, um), diffuse (diffūsus, a, um), corrosive (rodens, entis), and remittent (remittens, entis).
Starting with "S", the list of characteristics includes: sagittal (sagittalis, e), free (liber, ĕra, ĕrum), fresh (recens, entis), serous (serōsus, a, um), gray (cinereus, a, um; griseus, a, um), potent (heroicus, a, um), latent (latens, entis), compound (composĭtus, a, um), mixed (mixtus, a, um), senile (senīlis, e), and dry (siccus, a, um).
The dictionary features the verbs: to work (labōro, āre I), to dilute (diluo, ĕre III), to divide (divĭdo, ĕre III), to dissolve (solvo, ĕre III), to auscultate (audio, īre IV), to mix (misceo, ēre II), to contain (contineo, ēre II), to sterilize (sterilīso, āre I). Among general concepts, the following are important: word (verbum, i n), layer (stratum, i n), composition (compositio, ōnis f), condition (status, us m), old age (senectus, ūtis f), death (mors, mortis f).
Briefly: answers to topical questions
Which third-conjugation verbs are included in the Russian-Latin medical dictionary under the letters "R" and "S"?
In the presented dictionary, third-conjugation verbs include only terms starting with the letter "R".
- To dilute (diluo, ĕre III) — in educational dictionaries, it is also translated as "to thin".
- To divide (divĭdo, ĕre III).
- To dissolve (solvo, ĕre III).
Third-conjugation verbs starting with the letter "S" are absent in these sources (only first, second, and fourth conjugation verbs are presented).
Which anatomical structures starting with "R" belong to the oral cavity and teeth?
Anatomical structures belonging to the oral cavity and teeth and starting with the letter "R" include:
- Incisor / incisor tooth — dens incisīvus.
- Mouth — os, oris n.
- Oral fissure — rima oris.
- Oral part — pars oralis.
To avoid confusing terms related to the preparation of medications: diluo (to dilute), solvo (to dissolve), and misceo (to mix). Remember that solutio (solution) is formed from solvo, while mixtus (mixed) is formed from misceo.
Class and exam questions
How to write "as much as required" in a prescription?
The fixed Latin expression quantum satis is used.
What Latin variants exist for the word "spleen"?
The dictionary presents two equivalent masculine terms: lien, ēnis m and splen, splēnis m.
How is verb conjugation indicated in the dictionary?
Following the infinitive form of a verb, a Roman numeral is placed indicating the conjugation number (I, II, III, or IV). For example: labōro, āre I.
What gender is the Latin word "plant"?
The term planta, ae f is feminine.
What else to study on this topic
- Declension features of third-declension nouns (using cancer, vulnus, rete as examples)
- Formation of adjectives denoting pertinence to anatomical regions (e.g., costālis, ischiadĭcus)
- Rules for writing complex dosage forms (herbal mixtures, suspensions, suppositories)
- The difference in usage between the terms cancer and carcinōma
- Prescription formulation verbs: imperative and subjunctive moods
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