Obstetrics

153 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and classroom questions.

The Obstetrics section covers fundamental and clinical aspects of managing pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. The materials are structured from anatomical and physiological foundations—fertilization, fetal development, and pelvic structure—to complex clinical situations, including obstetric pathology and methods of delivery.

The reference guide includes detailed guidelines for diagnosis and treatment: from preeclampsia and hemorrhage to the management of multiple gestations and fetal malpresentations. Special attention is paid to surgical techniques, infusion therapy, and perinatal health protection.

Practical classes most frequently discuss the diagnosis of breech presentations, management strategies for a contracted pelvis, management of preterm labor, and differential diagnosis of hemorrhage. This section will serve as a reliable assistant in exam preparation and everyday clinical practice.

Section Topics

History of Obstetrics and PerinatologyObstetrics is a fundamental field of gynecology encompassing the process Organization of Obstetric and Gynecological CareOrganization of obstetric and gynecological care is a set of measures aimed Perinatal Fetal ProtectionPerinatal fetal protection is a set of medical and organizational Hemorrhage in ObstetricsObstetric hemorrhage remains one of the most complex problems in practice Anatomy of female genital organsOrgana genitalia feminina Menstrual cycleCyclus menstrualis FertilizationFertilisatio Placenta and fetal membranesPlacenta Physiological changes in pregnancyGraviditas Diagnosis of PregnancyThe onset of pregnancy is accompanied by the persistent maintenance of subfebrile Fertilization and implantationFertilisatio PlacentaPlacenta Intrauterine fetal developmentFetus Changes in the female body during pregnancyGraviditas Pelvis from an obstetrical perspectivePelvis feminina Fetus as an object of laborFetus Anatomy of the Lesser PelvisUnderstanding the anatomy of the lesser pelvis and fetal dimensions is the foundation for studying Pelvic Anatomy and Obstetric ConjugateThe bony pelvis constitutes the fundamental basis of the birth canal, and its a Signs of Impending LaborSigns of impending labor and the initial stages of biomechanism are associated with the passage Normal laborPartus physiologicus Diagnosis and Examination of Pregnant WomenThe initial examination of a pregnant woman includes a thorough medical history External Obstetric ExaminationExternal obstetric examination is a set of diagnostic measures PelvimetryPelvimetria Internal Obstetric ExaminationObstetric examination includes a comprehensive analysis of geometric pairs Laboratory Diagnostic Methods in PregnancyDespite the search query, a basic assessment of the pregnant woman's condition Ultrasound Examination in PregnancyAssessment of fetal condition during pregnancy and childbirth requires accurate Dopplerometry in ObstetricsIn obstetric practice, for objective monitoring of fetal development with CardiotocographyIn modern obstetric practice, for comprehensive monitoring of the system Biophysical Profile of the FetusThe fetal biophysical profile (BPP) is a comprehensive diagnostic method,Invasive Methods of Prenatal DiagnosisInvasive methods of prenatal diagnosis are used to obtain Amnioscopy and fetoscopyAmnioscopia Assessment of the NewbornAssessment of the future child's health begins long before their appearance Research Methods in ObstetricsObstetric examination is a set of diagnostic measures aimed Prenatal Diagnosis of Down SyndromePrenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome is a set of examinations of pregnant Causes of Labor OnsetThe initiation of labor is a complex cascade of interrelated Stages of LaborLabor is a complex biomechanical process starting with the appearance of regular First Stage of LaborThe first stage of labor is the initial phase of labor activity, during which ContractionsDuring labor, involuntary uterine contractions (contractions) are supplemented by Spatial Relationship Between Fetus and Maternal PelvisIn obstetric practice, assessment of fetal position directly determines the tactics Biomechanism of Labor in Occipital PresentationThe biomechanism of labor is evaluated dynamically as the presenting part advances Second Stage of LaborThe second stage of labor (expulsion stage) is the most critical phase for Biomechanism of Labor in the Expulsion StageThe expulsion stage is a critical phase of labor requiring precise actions from the physician Third stage of laborSecundinae Placental SeparationPlacental separation is the final stage of labor requiring control of integrity Pain Relief in LaborModern obstetrics offers an arsenal of methods for pain reduction in labor Physiological postpartum periodPuerperium Genital tract involutionInvolutio uteri LactationLactatio Management of the Postpartum PeriodThe postpartum period requires careful monitoring of the recovery of reproductive Anatomically narrow pelvisPelvis angusta Generally contracted pelvisPelvis aequaliter angusta Flat pelvisPelvis plana Rachitic flat pelvisPelvis rachitica Pelvis with Decreased Direct Diameter of the Broad CavityIn obstetric practice, deformations of the bony ring are of particular importance Obliquely contracted and obliquely displaced pelvisPelvis obliquovate Transversely contracted pelvisPelvis transversae contracta Rare Forms of Contracted PelvisA contracted pelvis consists of anatomical changes in the dimensions of the bony ring which Diagnosis of Contracted PelvisA contracted pelvis fundamentally alters the normal biomechanism of labor, forcing the Biomechanism of Labor in Contracted PelvisThe biomechanism of labor in a contracted pelvis is determined by the degree of narrowing and the method Management of Labor in Contracted PelvisClinically contracted pelvis is a condition in which the dimensions of the fetal head Deflexion presentations of the fetal headPraesentatio capitis deflexa Sinciput presentationPraesentatio sincipitalis Brow presentationPraesentatio frontalis Face presentationPraesentatio facialis Breech presentationPraesentatio pelvica Diagnosis of Breech PresentationsIn fetal breech presentation, the most crucial aspect is understanding the bio Pregnancy management in breech presentationVersio cephalica externa Biomechanism of Labor in Breech PresentationDelivery in breech presentation requires the obstetrician-gynecologist to Management of Labor in Breech PresentationManagement of labor in breech presentation requires continuous monitoring Complications of Labor in Breech PresentationWith incorrect management of labor in breech presentation, severe complications arise Multiple pregnancyGraviditas multiplex Diagnosis of Multiple PregnancyMultiple pregnancy requires timely detection to assess Course of Multiple PregnancyMultiple pregnancy is a condition accompanied by colossal Specific Complications of Monochorionic TwinsMonochorionic multiple pregnancy is associated with unique risks Management of Multiple PregnancyMultiple pregnancy requires special monitoring due to the high risk Delivery in Multiple PregnancyMultiple pregnancy requires special obstetric monitoring due to the high Placental PathologyPlacental pathology is a set of morphological and functional disorders MiscarriageAbortus habitualis ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF MISCARRIAGEMiscarriage is a multifactorial pathology characterized by Cervical incompetenceInsufficientia isthmico-cervicalis Diagnosis of MiscarriageMiscarriage at 22 to 36 weeks and 6 days of gestation is classified Threatened miscarriageAbortus imminens INEVITABLE AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONAbortus incipiens, Abortus incompletus Ultrasound Diagnosis of Early PregnancyUltrasound examination in the first trimester is the main non-invasive PreeclampsiaPreeclampsia EclampsiaEclampsia Early pregnancy toxicosesToxicoses gravidarum Diagnosis and monitoring of preeclampsiaDiagnostica praeeclampsiae Treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsiaTherapia praeeclampsiae Delivery in preeclampsia and eclampsiaObstetric management in eclampsia Rhesus Immunization in PregnancyRhesus immunization is the production of immune antibodies in the body of a rhesus-negative Fetal hemolytic diseaseMorbus haemolyticus fetalis Hemolytic disease of the newbornMorbus haemolyticus neonatorum Prevention of Rhesus ConflictThe lack of adequate prevention of rhesus conflict leads to the development of ABO IncompatibilityABO incompatibility is one of the leading causes of hemolytic disease Cardiovascular Diseases in PregnancyCardiovascular diseases rank first among extragenital Arterial Hypertension in PregnancyArterial hypertension in pregnancy is a serious factor Kidney Diseases in PregnancyKidney diseases in pregnant women include asymptomatic bacteriuria and ge Diabetes Mellitus in PregnancyDiabetes mellitus during gestation requires careful multidisciplinary Thyroid Disorders in PregnancyThyroid disorders in pregnant women require special attention due to Respiratory Diseases in PregnancyCarbohydrate metabolism disorders and thyroid pathology in pregnancy Anemia in pregnancyAnemia in pregnancy is a pathological or physiological decrease in the lev Digestive System Diseases in PregnancyExtragenital diseases have a significant impact on the course of Obstetric ComplicationsObstetric complications are a complex of severe pathological conditions,Placental insufficiencyInsufficientia placentaris Fetal growth restrictionFetal growth restriction Amniotic Fluid DisordersAmniotic fluid pathology includes deviations in the volume of amniotic fluid Umbilical Cord PathologyUmbilical cord pathology is a group of structural anomalies of the umbilical cord Placental abnormalitiesPlacental and umbilical cord abnormalities include structural changes, disor ChorioamnionitisChorioamnionitis Postpartum ComplicationsPostpartum complications are severe pathological conditions manifesting Bleeding in Late PregnancyBleeding in the third trimester and during labor is one of the most formidable obstetric Placenta previaPraevia placentae Placental abruptionAbruptio placentae Uterine ruptureRuptura uteri Bleeding in Labor and the Postpartum PeriodBleeding in obstetrics requires prompt assessment of the mother's condition Hypotonic HemorrhagePlacental adherence and placenta accreta spectrum are severe obstetric Hemorrhagic Shock in ObstetricsHemorrhagic shock in obstetrics is a life-threatening condition caused by Bleeding in the Third Stage of LaborBleeding in the third stage of labor is a complication arising due to Bleeding in the early postpartum periodHaemorrhagia postpartum Perineal tearsRuptura perinei Cervical tearsRuptura cervicis uteri Obstetric hematomasHaematoma vulvae et vaginae Symphysis pubis separationRuptura symphysis pubica Blood loss in obstetricsHaemorrhagia obstetrica Infusion and Transfusion Therapy for Blood LossInfusion and transfusion therapy for massive blood loss aims at Delivery OperationsDelivery operations are surgical interventions in obstetrics Surgeries During PregnancyArtificial termination of pregnancy includes vacuum aspiration of the gestational Procedures preparing the birth canalAmniotomia Obstetric versionVersio obstetrica Obstetric forcepsForceps obstetrica Vacuum extraction of the fetusVacuum extractio fetus Breech extractionExtractio fetus Cesarean sectionSectio caesarea Destructive operationsEmbryotomia Surgeries in the Third Stage and Early Postpartum PeriodObstetric maneuvers aimed at the artificial extraction of the fetus through Surgical Management of Obstetric HemorrhageIn critical obstetric situations, complex manual maneuvers are used Vulsellum ForcepsVulsellum forceps are a specialized surgical instrument designed for Postpartum purulent-septic diseasesMorbi purulenti-septici puerperales Postpartum ulcerUlcus puerperale Postpartum endometritisEndometritis puerperalis Postpartum parametritisParametritis puerperalis Postpartum pelvic peritonitisPelvioperitonitis puerperalis Postpartum peritonitisPeritonitis puerperalis Postpartum thrombophlebitisThrombophlebitis puerperalis Postpartum sepsisSepsis puerperalis Postpartum mastitisMastitis puerperalis Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newbornMorbus haemolyticus neonatorum Fetal hypoxiaHypoxia fetus Neonatal asphyxiaAsphyxia neonatorum Birth Injury of the NewbornIn the neonatal period, severe respiratory conditions often come to the forefront Intrauterine InfectionsDespite the topic title, the presented material focuses on other Neonatal Respiratory Distress SyndromeRespiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a critical condition in newborns

Frequently asked questions for this section

What is the essence of Hippocrates' theory about the onset of labor?

Hippocrates believed that labor is initiated by the fetus itself: experiencing hunger, it begins to move actively, pushes off with its feet from the uterine fundus, and pushes itself out.

How do childbirth and abortion differ by gestational age?

Pregnancy termination before 22 weeks is considered an abortion. Starting from 22 weeks (and with a fetal mass of 500 g or more), the process is classified as childbirth.

What is the difference between perinatal and infant mortality?

Perinatal mortality covers the antepartum, intrapartum periods, and the first 7 days of life. Infant mortality accounts for the deaths of children under the age of 1 year.

How to properly administer fresh frozen plasma in DIC syndrome?

Plasma must be warmed to 37 °C and administered strictly intravenously as a bolus. Slow drip infusion in this situation is ineffective.

What is included in the female reproductive system?

The reproductive system includes the ovaries, the uterus, and neurohumoral regulation mechanisms.

How many follicles enter growth during a single menstrual cycle?

From 3 to 30 primordial follicles are recruited into growth, but only one reaches the dominant stage, while the rest undergo atresia.

Master the entire topic in the "Obstetrics and Gynecology" course

This is a summary. The course covers everything tested in classes and exams.

973 pages of study guides on all topics
Assignments and quizzes after every topic — just like in a colloquium
AI tutor answers questions on the topic anytime
21 video lessons on the subject

Open full review Subject curriculumfrom 599 ₽ per month

All sections of the subject «Obstetrics and Gynecology»