50 concise modules: definitions, key facts, and classroom review questions.
Orthopedics studies congenital and acquired deformities of the musculoskeletal system. This section brings together the quintessence of pathologies: from congenital hip dislocation and clubfoot to severe degenerative processes such as coxarthrosis and spinal stenosis.
The material is structured by key nosologies. You will examine the pathogenesis and classification of osteoarthritis, study spinal disorders in detail (scoliosis, osteochondrosis, disc herniations), and metabolic disorders (osteoporosis, gout). A separate module covers bone oncology and osteoarticular tuberculosis. The section spans the entire patient management cycle: from clinical diagnosis to joint arthroplasty, spinal fusion, and rehabilitation.
Clinical rotations and exams feature rigorous questioning on the differential diagnosis of bone tumors, indications for surgical treatment of disc herniations, and the management of patients with gonarthrosis. Pay special attention to diagnostic imaging, selection of conservative therapy, and prevention of postoperative complications—this is the foundational knowledge required at the patient's bedside.
Why is the proximal femur of a newborn not visible on radiographs?
In infants, the femoral head, neck, and greater trochanter consist entirely of cartilaginous tissue, which is radiolucent. The ossification center appears only by 3–4 months of age.
Which theory of clubfoot development is considered primary?
The mechanical theory is considered the most well-founded, explaining the deformity as a result of external factors during the critical period of embryogenesis.
At what age do the first reliable signs of muscular torticollis appear?
During the first 7–10 days of life, symptoms are virtually absent. Reliable signs (muscle induration and restricted movement) manifest by the 3rd week of life.
Why should Sprengel's deformity not be operated on in adolescents?
In older children, secondary deformities of the shoulder girdle become established, and attempts to lower the scapula sharply increase the risk of postoperative complications, up to severe brachial plexus palsy.
At what age do chest wall deformities progress most rapidly?
Progression correlates with physiological growth spurts in children: at ages 5–6, 8–10, and 13–15 years.
Why is bone distraction performed so slowly (up to 1 mm per day)?
The slow rate is due to the low elasticity and extensibility of neurovascular bundles, underdevelopment of surrounding soft tissues, and slow formation of new bone against the background of vascular dysplasia.
Master the entire topic in the "Traumatology" course
This is a summary. The course covers everything tested in classes and exams.
812 pages of study guides on all topics
Assignments and quizzes after every topic — just like in a colloquium