20 topics with brief reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
This section is dedicated to one of the most extensive topics in normal anatomy — the structure of the skull. Here, we systematically break down osteology: from the bones of the neurocranium (frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and temporal) to the structures of the viscerocranium, including the jaws, hyoid bone, and small bones.
Learning individual bones is only half the battle. Real anatomy begins where they articulate. Therefore, the section provides a detailed breakdown of topography: the internal and external skull base, the architecture of the orbit, and the nasal and oral cavities.
During assessments, instructors are most rigorous about complex anatomical structures. We have focused on the main stumbling blocks for students: the canals of the temporal bone, the boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa, and the contents of all skull foramina and fissures. Without a clear understanding of which nerves and vessels pass through them, passing this section is impossible.
Absolute symmetry does not exist. Although the skull obeys the general laws of bilateral symmetry, perfect mirror-imaging never occurs — every individual always exhibits normal physiological asymmetry.
Absolute symmetry does not exist. Although the skull obeys the general laws of bilateral symmetry, perfect mirror-imaging never occurs — every individual always exhibits normal physiological asymmetry.
What is located on the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone?
The medial half of the margin contains the supraorbital notch or foramen, as well as the frontal notch or foramen. They serve for the passage of corresponding vessels and nerves.
What is the clivus and where is it located?
The clivus is a smooth surface on the internal side of the basilar part of the occipital bone (fused with the sphenoid). The pons and medulla oblongata rest upon it.
What type of bone is the parietal bone?
This is a paired flat bone of the skull.
What type of bone is the ethmoid bone?
This is an unpaired pneumatic bone of the skull.
Which sinuses are located in the sphenoid bone?
Paired sphenoidal sinuses (Sinus sphenoidalis) are located within the body of the bone; they belong to the pneumatic pathways and are separated by a septum.
Study the complete topic in the Anatomy course
This is a summary. The course covers everything tested in classes and exams.
1,363 pages of study guides on all topics
Assignments and quizzes after every topic — just like in a colloquium