Special adult traumatology

63 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.

The "Adult General Traumatology" section is where basic surgery meets clinical practice. Here, we analyze specific nosologies that you will encounter in the emergency room and operating theater every day.

This reference guide systematizes injuries of the upper and lower extremities, chest (ribs, sternum), and pelvis. You will study fractures ranging from the clavicle and scapula to the calcaneus, talus, and metatarsals. A dedicated section covers complex intra-articular injuries (pilon fractures, femoral and tibial condyle fractures) as well as the management of stress fractures.

Remember that traumatology is not just about bones. Soft tissue injuries are of paramount importance: dislocations (shoulder, hip, patella, wrist), capsuloligamentous injuries of the knee and ankle joints, and tendon injuries (Achilles tendon, biceps brachii, flexors and extensors of the wrist).

During classes and exams, you will certainly be asked about the "gold standards": distal radius fracture in a typical location, proximal femur fractures in the elderly, and the management of severe pelvic ring fractures. Pay attention to the biomechanics of the injury—knowing the mechanism will always allow you to logically deduce both the clinical presentation and the treatment plan.

Section Topics

Tendon injuriesRuptura tendinis Flexor tendon injuries of the handIn tendon injuries, the surgeon's primary objective is reliable anatomic Extensor tendon injuries of the handDespite the stated topic, the presented material focuses on Achilles tendon ruptureRuptura tendinis calcanei Biceps brachii tendon ruptureRuptura tendinis musculi bicipitis brachii Quadriceps femoris tendon and patellar ligament ruptureRuptura tendinis musculi quadricipitis femoris Upper extremity dislocationsAn upper extremity dislocation is a persistent dissociation of articular surfaces Injuries of the extensor mechanism of the handPathological displacement in the acromioclavicular joint is always associated Injuries of the flexor mechanism of the handDiagnosis of acromioclavicular joint injuries is based on Clavicle dislocationA clavicle dislocation is a traumatic injury accompanied by displacement Shoulder dislocationA shoulder dislocation is a persistent dissociation of the articular surfaces of the scapula and Forearm dislocationForearm bone dislocations consistently rank second in frequency among Dislocations of the hand and fingersTraumatic dislocations in the forearm and wrist joint region are Hip dislocationsLuxatio coxae Leg dislocationsLuxatio cruris Patellar dislocationsLuxatio patellae Foot dislocationsLuxatio pedis Clavicle fractureFractura claviculae Scapula fractureFractura scapulae Rib fractureFractura costarum Sternum fractureFractura sterni Proximal humeral fracturesFracturae humeri proximalis Humeral shaft fracturesFracturae diaphysis humeri Distal humeral fracturesFracturae humeri distalis Radius fracture at a typical locationFractura radii in loco typico Olecranon fracturesAn olecranon fracture is primarily an intra-articular injury Fractures of the radial head and coronoid processThe management of intra-articular injuries of the elbow joint is a complex task Diaphyseal fractures of the forearm bonesDiaphyseal fractures of the forearm bones are injuries to the middle third Rehabilitation after fracturesRehabilitative treatment following musculoskeletal injuries is Fractures of the phalanges of the handFractures of the phalanges of the hand are a relatively frequent injury requiring Metacarpal fracturesMetacarpal fractures are one of the most common hand injuries. Special clinical Carpal bone fracturesInjuries of the tubular bones of the hand are a common pathology requiring Proximal femoral fracturesFracturae femoris proximalis Femoral shaft fracturesFracturae diaphysis femoris Distal femoral fracturesFracturae femoris distalis Basic surgeries in traumatologySurgical intervention in traumatology aims at precise reduction Patellar fracturesFractura patellae Capsuloligamentous injuries of the knee jointCapsuloligamentous injuries of the knee joint lead to impairment Meniscal injuriesMeniscal injuries are one of the main types of knee joint trauma.Femoral condyle fracturesAlthough femoral condyle fractures represent a serious Tibial condyle fracturesAlthough the topic is titled condyle fractures, the most critical structure covering Patellofemoral pain syndromePatellofemoral pain syndrome often results from a prior MRI in meniscal injuryMagnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for diagnosing injuries Knee joint injuriesKnee injuries are most commonly accompanied by an accumulation of blood in the Eyelid injuriesEyelid injuries require careful examination and precise diagnosis to identify Proximal tibial fracturesThe management of complex intra-articular injuries and leg trauma is strictly Tibial shaft fracturesA tibial shaft fracture is a serious injury to the primary support Distal tibial fracturesDistal tibial fractures belong to the injuries of Ankle fracturesThe study of ankle segment injuries is inextricably linked to understanding Achilles tendon injuryRuptura tendinis calcanei Ankle ligament injuriesRuptura ligamentorum articulationis talocruralis Pilon fractureA pilon fracture is a severe injury to the distal articular portion Talus and metatarsal fracturesTalus fractures represent a complex orthopedic pathology Calcaneal fracturesCalcaneal fractures are severe foot injuries whose main feature Foot injuriesFoot injuries combine trauma to 28 bones and over 40 joints, accounting for Pelvic fracturesPelvic fractures are among the most severe and shock-inducing injuries Acetabular fracturesAn acetabular fracture is a severe intra-articular injury of the Radiographic diagnosis of bone fracturesX-ray examination serves as the primary method for confirming Aseptic necrosis of the femoral headAseptic necrosis of the femoral head is a severe pathology where Complications of joint diseasesComplications of joint diseases are severe secondary conditions arising Stress fracturesStress fractures are cumulative bone tissue injuries resulting from Lower extremity stress fracturesStress fractures are bone tissue injuries caused by Treatment of stress fracturesStress (fatigue) fractures occur due to the inability of the processes

Frequently asked questions for this section

Can complete tendon or muscle tears be treated conservatively?

Treatment of complete tears (e.g., of the biceps brachii) is surgical, adhering to general principles. Conservative treatment is used for partial tears or injuries to specific muscles (e.g., plantaris).

What is the main disadvantage of the Rozov suture?

It cannot withstand significant mechanical loads and easily cuts through tissues, therefore it always requires supplementation with a proximal locking suture.

How to clinically distinguish a complete Achilles tendon rupture?

The primary sign is the patient's inability to perform active plantar flexion of the foot.

Why is elbow flexion preserved in a biceps rupture?

Forearm flexion is not completely lost, as other flexor muscles (e.g., brachialis and brachioradialis muscles) actively participate in this movement. However, immediately after the injury, an attempt to bend the arm is accompanied by severe pain.

Can a biceps tendon rupture be treated without surgery?

Yes, conservative treatment is permissible. It is applied if the decrease in upper extremity strength does not interfere with the patient's daily life and self-care.

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