51 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
In this section, we cover the topographical anatomy of the abdomen—from the layered structure of the anterolateral abdominal wall to the deep fascial spaces of the lumbar region. You will study organ surface projections, blood supply, innervation, and the lymphatic system.
The material covers the peritoneal cavity divided into the upper and lower floors (compartments). We examine the syntopy and ligamentous apparatus of the stomach, liver, extrahepatic biliary tract, as well as the anatomy of the small and large intestines. A separate section is dedicated to the retroperitoneal space: the topography of the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, major vessels (abdominal aorta, inferior vena and portal veins), and autonomic plexuses.
Pay special attention to the "weak spots" of the abdominal wall: the linea alba, umbilical region, inguinal canal, and inguinal triangle (Hesselbach's triangle). These areas, along with the peritoneal reflections (bursae, recesses, and paracolic gutters where exudate accumulates in peritonitis), are most frequently tested in credit tests and exams in operative surgery.
Why do the internal boundaries of the abdomen not coincide with the external ones?
Superiorly, the dome of the diaphragm extends deeply into the thoracic cavity, so some abdominal organs are hidden behind the ribs. Inferiorly, the abdominal cavity does not end at the level of the inguinal ligaments, but continues into the pelvic cavity past the pelvic brim (linea terminalis).
In which region should the vermiform appendix be sought?
The vermiform appendix projects into the right inguinal region, adjacent to the cecum and the terminal ileum.
What is the structure of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Subcutaneous adipose tissue is divided into two layers. The superficial layer has a pronounced cellular structure, whereas the deep layer has a lamellar structure. In the lower half of the abdomen, the subcutaneous fat layer is significantly more developed.
Where exactly does the muscular part transition into the tendinous part?
The transition of the muscle fascicles of the external oblique into a broad, flat tendon (aponeurosis) occurs strictly at the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis muscle.
In which layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall is this muscle located?
It forms the second layer and is located directly beneath the external oblique abdominal muscle.
Where is the arcuate line (linea arcuata) located?
It is located 5 cm below the umbilicus. This is the lower boundary where the aponeurotic part of the posterior wall of the rectus sheath ends.
Master the complete topic in the "Topographic Anatomy" course
This is a summary. The course covers everything tested in classes and exams.
2,777 pages of study guides covering all topics
Assignments and quizzes after every topic — just like in a colloquium