7 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
The "General Principles of Diagnostics" section forms the foundation of clinical thinking. Here, we analyze how to transition from the initial patient contact to an accurate diagnosis. You will study examination methodology, the strict sequence of the diagnostic process, and the criteria for evaluating diagnostic tests (sensitivity, specificity, predictive value).
Special attention is paid to the clinician's primary document: the medical history (case history). We also examine medical deontology and compliance in detail: how to build an ethical, trusting dialogue with the patient so that they not only listen to you but actually follow prescriptions.
In practical classes and exams, instructors are strictest about the diagnostic search algorithm, the rules for case management followed by writing up the medical history, and ways to resolve ethical conflicts with patients. This knowledge is the bedrock required before starting independent medical practice.
What is a disease from the perspective of propaedeutics?
Disease (morbus) is a disruption of normal vital activity that alters the functioning of the organism. Furthermore, the entire organism is always involved in the pathological process, rather than just a single affected organ.
Do modern instrumental methods replace traditional physical examination?
No, the growth in the number of new methods does not negate the importance of traditional ones. Instrumental studies merely clarify and supplement the information a physician obtains during questioning and physical examination.
What should a physician do in case of diagnostic difficulties in an outpatient setting?
In unclear situations, prolonged dynamic observation or trial treatment (diagnosis ex juvantibus) is used, assessing the patient's response to therapy.
What is the difference between false-positive and false-negative results?
A false-positive result occurs when a test shows a disease in an absolutely healthy person ("false alarm"). A false-negative result is a situation where the patient is genuinely ill, but the diagnostic method fails to detect the pathology.
What is the difference between a stage epicrisis and a discharge epicrisis?
A stage epicrisis is drawn up every 7–10 days of hospital stay to evaluate intermediate treatment results and adjust the treatment plan. A discharge epicrisis is compiled at the end of hospitalization: it summarizes the final diagnosis, treatment administered, and contains recommendations.
What is iatrogenesis in the context of medical deontology?
This is a negative psychogenic reaction, fear, or psychoneurosis that arises in a patient due to careless words, behavior, or actions of a medical worker.
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