7 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
This chapter is dedicated to the basic principles of orthodontics, the science of recognizing, preventing, and treating dentofacial anomalies. We will analyze the normal growth and development of the maxillofacial region and define the strict criteria for physiological occlusion, which serves as the primary reference point for the clinician.
The section covers key causes (etiology) of pathologies and generally accepted classifications of dentofacial anomalies. You will become familiar with clinical and paraclinical diagnostic methods in orthodontics, as well as study the designs and biomechanics of basic orthodontic appliances.
During practical classes and tests, special emphasis is placed on the ability to distinguish physiological occlusion from pathological occlusion, knowledge of Angle's classification, and understanding the mechanisms of action of mechanical and functional appliances. This material serves as your foundation for transitioning to clinical orthodontics.
How does improper sleeping posture affect the jaws?
Sleeping with a hand tucked under the cheek causes jaw deformation. If the chin is constantly pressed against the chest, the lower teeth begin to overlap the upper ones, while the head thrown back leads to retarded growth of the mandible.
What is called the "key of occlusion" in permanent dentition?
This is the correct relationship of the first molars, in which the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar rests in the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar.
How does infraocclusion differ from disocclusion?
Infraocclusion is an anomaly of a specific tooth that has not erupted to the occlusal plane. Disocclusion is a complex absence of contact between opposing groups of antagonist teeth (for example, in the lateral or anterior segment).
What happens in the periodontal compression zone during tooth movement?
Ischemia and hypoxia occur in the compression zone. This leads to acidification of the environment, increased lysosome permeability, and the release of enzymes that break down bone tissue (resorption).
Why do distal cutters have a special holding mechanism?
The holding mechanism is necessary to secure the bitten-off segment of a rigid arch wire. This prevents the accidental entry of a sharp piece of wire into the respiratory tract or trauma to the patient's oral mucosa.
What is the main difference between functional and mechanical appliances?
Functional appliances are passive and use the natural forces of the maxillofacial muscles to move teeth. Mechanical appliances are active: the force is generated by the appliance itself (by activating a screw or through the elasticity of the arch wire).
Master the entire topic in the «Propaedeutics of Dentistry» course
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