44 topics with concise summaries: definitions, key facts, and classroom questions.
This section is dedicated to the first and most critical stage of life—the neonatal period. It covers physiological adaptation, hormonal crises, and transitional states, as well as criteria for full-term birth and the specifics of nursing premature infants. A separate core block covers the principles of neonatal and audiologic screening.
A significant part of the chapter is devoted to typical pathologies: perinatal CNS lesions, intrauterine infections (IUI), localized purulent-inflammatory processes, and neonatal sepsis. You will study clear diagnostic and treatment algorithms for hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and hemorrhagic disease.
In practical classes and exams, the most strictly tested topics are the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice, treatment principles for HDN (including ABO system and rhesus conflict), and management algorithms for respiratory distress syndrome. Pay special attention to the clinical presentation and markers of intrauterine infections—this is a classic "exam trap" requiring a flawless understanding of etiology and pathogenesis.
The main stimulus for initiating pulmonary breathing is the peak concentration of catecholamines in cord blood.
Should toxic erythema be treated with antibacterial drugs?
No. This is an allergic or autointoxication condition, not an infectious one. Treatment is not required in most cases; antihistamines may be prescribed only for profuse generalized rashes.
What is the pathogenesis of the neonatal hormonal crisis?
It is based on withdrawal syndrome: after birth, there is a sharp decrease in the concentration of maternal estrogens in the child's systemic circulation.
On which day of life does physiological jaundice normally appear?
Yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes in transient hyperbilirubinemia occurs on the 2nd–3rd day of the child's life.
Why do newborns lose weight in the first days?
This is due to physiological underfeeding (energy deficit) and fluid loss through respiration, diuresis, and the passage of meconium.
At what stage are pathologies detected during neonatal screening?
Pathologies are detected at the preclinical stage, when the newborn outwardly appears completely healthy and has no clinical symptoms.
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