24 concise topics with brief reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
In pediatrics, emergency conditions brook no delay. This chapter is dedicated to critical situations where a child's life depends on rapid and precise actions by the physician. The section covers basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation algorithms, including defibrillation and assistance in neonatal asphyxia with Apgar score assessment.
We thoroughly examine key syndromes: types of dehydration (water- and salt-depletion), fever variants (including the prognostically unfavorable "pale" fever), and comatose states (diabetic and hypoglycemic coma). Separate articles are devoted to acute adrenal insufficiency, anaphylactic shock, and management tactics in acute poisoning.
In practical classes and state exams, the algorithms for managing convulsive syndrome (particularly febrile seizures) and laryngeal stenosis are tested most rigorously. The ability to perform differential diagnosis of croup and prescribe adequate treatment is the absolute minimum that every future physician must master.
Why is water-deficit dehydration called hypertonic?
Due to the disproportionate loss of free water, the blood becomes concentrated, and the concentration of electrolytes (especially sodium) increases. This makes the body's internal environment hypertonic relative to the cells.
What to do if Budesonide inhalation for Grade I stenosis yields no result?
It is necessary to switch to intramuscular administration of systemic GCS (Dexamethasone 0.15–0.6 mg/kg or Prednisolone 2–5 mg/kg) and hospitalize the patient.
Which symptom predominates in the development of salt-losing dehydration?
This type of dehydration is typically characterized by intractable vomiting, which predominates over diarrhea.
Why are the extremities cold during pale fever?
Due to pronounced spasm of peripheral blood vessels and microcirculation impairment. Warm blood is centralized in internal organs and does not reach the skin of the extremities.
Can anaphylaxis be diagnosed if there is no rash?
Yes. Skin manifestations are common, but not mandatory. The diagnosis can be made upon contact with a known allergen and isolated drop in blood pressure.
Why is glucose (dextrose) necessarily included in solutions for oral rehydration?
Glucose acts not only as an energy source. Its main role is to stimulate the co-transport of sodium and potassium ions through the mucous membrane of the small intestine, which ensures efficient water absorption.
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