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Pediatrics

Chapter 12. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

60 topics with concise breakdowns: definitions, key facts, and class questions.

Welcome to one of the most comprehensive and clinically significant sections of pediatrics. Infectious pathology makes up the lion's share of a pediatrician's daily practice, making this material an absolute foundation for your future work.

This chapter compiles exhaustive information on classical "childhood" infections (measles, rubella, pertussis, varicella, mumps) and routine ARVI. We thoroughly examine herpesvirus infections (including EBV, CMV, and HHV types 6–8), viral hepatitis from A to E, neuroinfections (meningitis, tick-borne encephalitis), and an extensive block of acute intestinal infections—both viral and bacterial.

Special attention is paid to tuberculosis in childhood (including extrapulmonary forms and tuberculin skin testing), HIV infection, sepsis, as well as zoonoses (rabies, Lyme disease) and parasitoses.

During practical classes and exams, instructors most frequently ask about the differential diagnosis of exanthems, the clinical presentation of meningeal syndrome in various types of meningitis, the principles of oral rehydration in acute intestinal infections, and the interpretation of viral hepatitis markers. Pay special attention to specific prophylaxis—knowledge of vaccines against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, and measles will be tested rigorously.

Section Topics

Acute Intestinal Infections (AII) in ChildrenAcute intestinal infections are a group of diseases caused by virusesAcute Respiratory Viral Infections (ARVI) in ChildrenAcute respiratory infections (ARI) are an extensive group of respiratory diseasesInfluenza in ChildrenInfluenza in pediatric practice is an acute infection characterized byParainfluenza in ChildrenParainfluenza in children is an acute respiratory viral infection distinguished byRSV Infection in ChildrenRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an acute viralRhinovirus InfectionRhinovirus infection is an acute respiratory pathology caused byEnteroviral Infections in ChildrenEnteroviral infections are a group of acute anthroponotic diseasesHerpesvirus infectionsHerpes simplexChickenpoxVaricellaShinglesHerpes zosterInfectious MononucleosisEpstein–Barr virus infectious mononucleosis is an acute viral diseaseCytomegalovirus InfectionCytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) is a widespread viralCongenital cytomegalovirus infectionCytomegalovirusAcquired cytomegalovirus infectionCytomegalovirusHuman herpesvirus 6 infectionHHV-6Human herpesvirus 7 infectionHHV-7Human herpesvirus 8 infectionHHV-8MeaslesMorbilliRubellaRubellaMumpsParotitis epidemicaDiphtheriaDiphtheriaScarlet feverScarlatinaPertussisPertussisParapertussisParapertussisMeningitis in childrenMeningitisMeningeal SyndromeMeningeal syndrome is a complex of clinical manifestations occurringMeningococcal InfectionMeningococcal infection is an acute airborne-transmitted diseaseMeningitisMeningitis is an acute inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord.Tick-Borne EncephalitisTick-borne encephalitis is a natural focal, vector-borne viral infectionLyme diseaseBorreliosisRabiesRabiesTetanusTetanusPoliomyelitisPoliomyelitisAcute Intestinal InfectionsAcute intestinal infections are an extensive, polyetiological group of infectionsShigellosisShigellosisSalmonellosisSalmonellosisEscherichiosisEscherichiosisYersiniosisYersiniosisCampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosisCryptosporidiosisCryptosporidiosisRotavirus InfectionRotavirus infection is an acute viral disease causing diarrheaTreatment of Acute Intestinal InfectionsThe management of acute intestinal infections (AII) in children is a comprehensive processAcute viral hepatitis AHepatitis AAcute viral hepatitis BHepatitis BAcute viral hepatitis CHepatitis CViral hepatitis DHepatitis DViral hepatitis EHepatitis EViral Hepatitis G, TTV, and SENThis group unites hepatitis G virus (HGV) and poorly studied virusesSepsisSepsisHIV infectionInfectio HIVTuberculosisTuberculosisDisseminated Pulmonary TuberculosisDisseminated pulmonary tuberculosis in children is a severe secondary formRenal TuberculosisRenal tuberculosis is a specific lesion of the urinary systemBone and Joint TuberculosisBone and joint tuberculosis is the most common variant ofTuberculous MeningitisTuberculous meningitis is a rare but most severe and prognosticallyMantoux TestThe Mantoux test is a standardized method for mass screening of children forDiagnosis of TuberculosisReliable diagnosis of tuberculosis is impossible without direct detection ofTreatment and Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis in ChildrenTuberculosis in children requires prolonged, comprehensive, and strictly stagedNematodiasesNematodaToxocariasisToxocariasis

Frequently asked questions for this section

At what age does primary enteroviral infection most frequently occur?

In 80% of people, primary infection occurs in childhood, up to 13 years of age.

Why is it strictly forbidden to give aspirin to children with ARVI?

The use of acetylsalicylic acid against the background of a viral infection in children is associated with a high risk of developing Reye's syndrome—an acute, severe hepatic encephalopathy.

Which syndrome predominates in the typical course of influenza in a child?

Severe systemic toxicosis always comes to the forefront, accompanied by high fever, chills, myalgia, and headache. At the same time, local catarrhal manifestations (such as a runny nose) are mild.

How rapidly do symptoms progress in parainfluenza?

The disease is distinguished by a gradual onset and moderate dynamics of clinical manifestations.

Which parts of the respiratory tract are primarily affected in RSV infection?

The infection is tropic to the lower respiratory tract, which clinically manifests as bronchitis or bronchiolitis.

Is there a cough or shortness of breath in rhinovirus infection?

No, cough and expiratory dyspnea are absent because the infection presents with an isolated nasal lesion without involvement of the trachea and bronchioles.

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