42 topics with concise breakdowns: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
The chapter "Blood Transfusion" (hemotransfusiology) is one of the most important sections of general surgery. It is dedicated to the principles of safe blood loss replacement and correction of blood composition using donor components and products.
This section thoroughly covers blood group systems (ABO and Rh), methods for their determination, rules of immunological compatibility (including Ottenberg's rule), and mandatory pre-transfusion testing. Special attention is paid to transfusion algorithms for various blood components (red blood cell, platelet, and leukocyte concentrates, as well as plasma) and modern approaches where component therapy completely replaces whole blood.
In classes and exams, instructors most often demand a thorough knowledge of the blood transfusion algorithm, the ability to perform and evaluate the biological test, and skills in recognizing and treating severe complications such as transfusion-related, bacterial shock, and massive transfusion syndrome. In addition, it is important to understand the indications for alternative methods: autologous blood transfusion and reinfusion.
Why were people in ancient times transfused with lamb's blood?
Physicians of that time believed that animals were not subject to human vices, excesses, and passions, and therefore their blood possessed healing properties.
Where exactly are the components of the ABO system located?
Agglutinogens (A and B) are located on the erythrocyte membrane. Agglutinins ($\alpha$ and $\beta$) are localized in the blood serum.
What substance is used to prevent clotting of the collected blood?
Sodium citrate is used as the primary stabilizer. It chemically binds calcium ions, which are critically necessary for the coagulation process.
Why does cadaveric blood not clot upon collection?
In individuals who died suddenly without prolonged agony, fibrinolysis occurs within the first 1–4 hours after death. Due to fibrin precipitation, the blood becomes defibrinated and loses its ability to clot.
Why is blood transfusion called transplantation?
Because donor blood is a living tissue containing active cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes). During transfusion, they continue to function in the recipient's body.
What solution is used as a stabilizer for fresh citrated blood?
A 6% sodium citrate solution is used as a stabilizer.
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