This chapter is dedicated to the key tools that transform a clinical neurological examination from an art into an exact science. The section covers both the classical foundations—the assessment of physiological and pathological reflexes—and high-tech diagnostics. We will analyze electrophysiological methods (EEG, EMG, evoked potentials), neuroimaging principles (CT and MRI), and specific laboratory tests, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
In practical classes and exams, you will most frequently be asked about diagnostic selection algorithms. You will be expected to clearly understand how CT differs from MRI in the hyperacute period of a stroke, what an epilepsy pattern looks like on an EEG, and what CSF changes are characteristic of bacterial meningitis. Instructors also love to test your knowledge of reflex arcs when pathological signs are detected.
Do not try to memorize every possible normal and pathological variant. Your goal is to understand the physical principle of each method so that in the future you can accurately order the appropriate study for a specific clinical case.