This chapter is dedicated to critical conditions in neurology caused by meningeal irritation and impaired CSF circulation. The ability to quickly recognize these pathologies is a core skill for a physician of any specialty, as time often runs out in hours and minutes.
The section consists of three key topics: meningeal syndrome, hypertensive syndrome, and hydrocephalus. We will analyze the pathogenesis of meningeal signs, mechanisms of intracranial pressure elevation, and modern classifications of hydrocephalus.
During practical classes and exams, you will certainly be asked to demonstrate classic meningeal signs (nuchal rigidity, Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs). Most frequently, instructors ask about the differential diagnosis of communicating and non-communicating (occlusive) hydrocephalus, the differences between meningism and true meningitis, as well as characteristic fundoscopic changes (papilledema) in intracranial hypertension.