Neuroimaging

113 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.

Neuroimaging is one of the most extensive and clinically vital sections of diagnostic radiology. Here we examine how the normal radiation anatomy of the brain, orbits, temporal bones, and deep neck spaces appears on CT and MRI to establish a baseline for pathology detection.

The material covers all key nosologies. You will study traumatic brain injury patterns (from skull fractures to DAI and hematomas), vascular catastrophes (ASPECTS score, hemorrhage stages), as well as infections, demyelinating processes (multiple sclerosis), and neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease). A dedicated section covers neurooncology, ranging from CNS tumor classification to MR perfusion, MR spectroscopy, and differential diagnosis with radiation necrosis.

Practical classes and exams place the greatest emphasis on indications for imaging in head trauma, the ability to assess ischemia using ASPECTS, intracranial hemorrhage staging, and basic signs of space-occupying lesions (glioblastoma, metastases, abscess). The articles in this section will help you quickly structure this knowledge.

Section Topics

Cerebral cortexCortex cerebri Basal gangliaNuclei basales Neuroimaging anatomy of the brainEncephalon Pituitary glandHypophysis Ventricular system of the brainVentriculi cerebri CerebellumCerebellum Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata Blood supply to the brainArteria carotis interna Cerebral veinsVenae encephali NeurosonographyNeurosonography and modern neuroimaging techniques allow fast Brain computed tomographyComputed tomography (CT) of the brain is a diagnostic imaging method CT artifactsComputed tomography artifacts are distortions in the obtained imag MRI sequencesMRI sequences are combinations of radiofrequency pulses and magn Functional MRIFunctional MRI (fMRI) is a diagnostic imaging method that allows Intraoperative MRIIntraoperative MRI is a neuroimaging method performed direct Interventional neuroradiologyInterventional neuroradiology is a field combining methods Brain CT perfusionBrain CT perfusion is a specialized diagnostic imaging method Computed tomography of the head and neckComputed tomography (CT) of the head and neck is a priority imag Traumatic brain injuryTrauma craniocerebrale Skull fractureFractura cranii Indications for Neuroimaging in Head TraumaThe primary goal of diagnostic imaging in traumatic brain injury is to promptly Stages of Intracranial HemorrhageThe stage of an intracranial hemorrhage is determined by the state of hemoglo Epidural hematomaHaematoma epidurale Subdural hematomaHaematoma subdurale Diffuse Axonal InjuryDiffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a type of severe traumatic brain inju Cerebral contusionContusio cerebri Brain Herniation SyndromeBrain herniation syndrome is a life-threatening displacement of brain structures Diagnostic Imaging of the NeckDiagnostic imaging of the neck is a complex of visualization methods to evaluate Diagnostic Imaging of Intracranial TumorsDiagnostic imaging of intracranial tumors aims to precisely determine MR Perfusion and MR Spectroscopy of Brain TumorsModern neuroimaging goes beyond simple anatomical assessment Classification of CNS TumorsCentral nervous system tumors are classified by localization into intra Astrocytoma and GlioblastomaAstrocytoma and glioblastoma are neuroepithelial tumors of the brain Pseudoprogression and Radiation NecrosisPseudoprogression is an inflammatory reaction of brain tissue to Central Nervous System LymphomaCentral nervous system lymphoma is a severe malignant lesion Brain MetastasesSecondary tumor involvement of the central nervous system, diagnosed Choroid Plexus TumorsIntraventricular neoplasms represent a heterogeneous group MeningiomaMeningioma Vestibular schwannomaSchwannoma vestibulare ChordomaChordoma Pineal Region TumorsPineal region tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms Internal Carotid Artery AneurysmAneurysm of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery is a vascular Brain Cyst on MRIPrecise diagnosis of a brain cyst using magnetic resonance Ischemic StrokeSuddenly developing persistent neurological deficit caused by a partial ASPECTS Score and CT PerfusionThe ASPECTS score and CT perfusion methods are key imaging tools Chronic Brain InfarctsChronic cerebral infarction is the outcome of ischemic damage Carotid StenosisCarotid stenosis is the narrowing of the carotid artery lumen leading to Cerebral Small Vessel DiseaseCerebral small vessel disease is a pathological process characterized by Cerebral Venous ThrombosisCerebral venous thrombosis is an acute vascular pathology caused by Subarachnoid HemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening accumulation Intracerebral HemorrhageIntracerebral hemorrhage is a critical cerebrovascular impairment Cerebral Arteriovenous MalformationsArteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a pathological vascular anomaly Intracranial InfectionsIntracranial infections cover a wide spectrum of life-threatening conditions Brain abscessAbscessus cerebri Bacterial CNS InfectionsBacterial infections of the central nervous system comprise life-threatening Viral encephalitisEncephalitis viralis CNS Involvement in HIV InfectionCentral nervous system involvement in HIV infection includes a spectrum of NeurocysticercosisNeurocysticercosis Cerebral echinococcosisEchinococcosis cerebri Neurodegenerative DiseasesNeurodegenerative diseases are a group of progressive brain pathologies Age-Related Brain ChangesWith age, the brain undergoes predictable structural changes Alzheimer's diseaseMorbus Alzheimer Vascular dementiaDementia vascularis Diagnostic Imaging of Parkinsonism and Atypical DementiasDiagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases requires precise analysis of data EpilepsyEpilepsia Multiple sclerosisSclerosis multiplex Pseudotumoral Demyelinating LesionsPseudotumoral (tumefactive) demyelinating lesions are a group of Neuromyelitis optica and spectrum disordersNeuromyelitis optica Acute Hemorrhagic LeukoencephalitisAcute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis is a severe lesion of structures Primary Central Nervous System AngiitisPrimary central nervous system angiitis is a rare, severe, idiopathic NeurosarcoidosisNeurosarcoidosis represents specific involvement of the central Neuro-Behcet's DiseaseNeuro-Behcet's disease is a severe neurological manifestation of systemic Neuro lupusNeuro lupus is a severe central nervous system involvement developing Post-Radiation NeurotoxicityPost-radiation neurotoxicity encompasses a spectrum of structural changes Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy SyndromePosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a pathological condition Toxic EncephalopathyToxic encephalopathy is a severe brain injury caused by MELAS SyndromeMELAS syndrome represents a pathological condition characterized by Wernicke EncephalopathyWernicke encephalopathy is a severe neurological condition that Osmotic DemyelinationOsmotic demyelination (central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis)Hepatic EncephalopathyHepatic encephalopathy is a severe neurological complication arising from MRI of the Brain and NeckMagnetic resonance and computed tomography are key tools MRI of Cerebral ArteriesMagnetic resonance imaging is a key method for evaluating intracranial MRI of Head and Neck VesselsVascular imaging is a complex of instrumental methods (MRI, CT, ultrasound)Focal Brain Lesions on MRIFocal brain lesions on MRI are areas of pathological Anatomy of the orbit and eyeballOrbita / Bulbus oculi OphthalmoplegiaOphthalmoplegia Coats diseaseRetinitis exsudativa Scleral staphylomaStaphyloma sclerae Inflammatory orbital diseasesPseudotumor orbitae / Myositis orbitalis Orbital lymphomaLymphoma orbitae Vascular malformations of the orbitHaemangioma cavernosum orbitae Tumors of the orbit and eyeballRetinoblastoma / Rhabdomyosarcoma orbitae Orbital and eyeball traumaTrauma orbitae Pathology of the visual pathwaysNervus opticus / Chiasma opticum Optic neuritisNeuritis optica Lesions of the Posterior Visual PathwayLesions of the posterior visual pathway (optic radiation and cortex)Diagnostic Imaging of the Orbit and EyeComprehensive imaging assessment of the orbit and eyeball requires competent Orbital MRIOrbital MRI is a high-precision neuroimaging method for assessing intraorbital Optic Nerve MRIMagnetic resonance imaging is the leading neuroimaging method for Temporal bone and earOs temporale Head and Neck ParagangliomasHead and neck paragangliomas are specific tumors Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavitySinus paranasales Salivary glandsGlandulae salivariae Facial Skull TraumaFacial skull trauma includes various fractures of the jaws, zygomatic bones,Temporomandibular jointArticulatio temporomandibularis Deep neck spaces and pharynxPharynx LarynxLarynx Thyroid and parathyroid glandsGlandula thyroidea Paranasal Sinus MRIMagnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses is used to address CT of the Facial SkeletonThree-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) is the gold standard Thyroid MRIMagnetic resonance and computed tomography are not routine methods Laryngeal X-rayDiagnostic imaging of the larynx and adjacent airway divisions includes Diagnostic Imaging of the Temporomandibular JointThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex diarthrodial synovial Stroke on MRIMagnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate method for diagnosing infarction

Frequently asked questions for this section

What is the difference between the isocortex and the allocortex?

Isocortex (neocortex) is an evolutionarily new cortex consisting of 6 layers. Allocortex is the old cortex, having only 3 cellular layers.

Why did the corpus striatum get this name?

Due to its specific appearance on a section. The caudate nucleus and globus pallidus are connected by bridges of gray matter through the fibers of the internal capsule, which creates a "striated" texture.

Why might the interventricular foramen of Monro appear dark on T2-WI?

This is due to the flow void phenomenon caused by the directed flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the foramen.

What causes the pituitary "bright spot" phenomenon on MRI?

This phenomenon appears on T1-weighted images in the region of the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). A hyperintense (high) signal occurs due to the presence of a large number of neurosecretory granules in this zone.

What structures connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina of Monro (Foramen of Monro).

Why do some brainstem and cerebellar nuclei appear dark on T2-WI?

The decrease in signal intensity in the dentate and red nuclei, as well as in the substantia nigra, is associated with the natural physiological deposition of iron in these tissues.

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