64 topics with concise breakdowns: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
This section focuses on the role of imaging modalities in the detection, staging, and monitoring of neoplastic processes. The material covers several major blocks: organ involvement in lymphomas, comprehensive diagnostics of breast diseases (from screening mammography and tomosynthesis to MRI and the BI-RADS system), as well as hematologic neoplasms of the bone marrow (leukemias, multiple myeloma).
Special attention is paid to functional and molecular imaging: PET, diffusion-weighted MRI, MR spectroscopy, and dynamic contrast-enhanced studies. You will study not only algorithms for lesion detection, but also the application of imaging for radiotherapy planning, CT and MRI fusion, and biopsy guidance.
During practical classes, instructors most frequently ask about treatment response evaluation criteria (RECIST), CT semiotics of affected lymph nodes, lymphoma staging algorithms, and rules for assigning BI-RADS categories. Be sure to review the imaging presentation of complications from anti-tumor therapy—this is a classic topic for clinical problem-solving on the exam.
Why is computed tomography considered the primary modality in oncology?
CT combines high clinical availability, cost-effectiveness, and excellent spatial resolution. Modern scanners are capable of scanning the entire body in a matter of seconds, creating precise volumetric reconstructions.
What are CAD systems used for in computed tomography?
These are computer-aided detection systems used for screening, for example, pulmonary nodules and colorectal polyps.
Is it possible to obtain multiple tissue samples with a single puncture?
Yes, the coaxial system allows the guiding cannula to be left in situ. Through it, an automatic cutting needle is introduced, making it possible to take biopsy samples at various angles without repeated tissue trauma.
Why are lymph nodes measured along the short axis rather than the long axis?
Reactive (benign) node enlargement often occurs along the long axis. Neoplastic involvement makes the node more spherical, specifically increasing the short axis. Therefore, a short-axis diameter greater than 1.5 cm is important for targeted nodes.
Can peripheral neuropathy from vincristine be visualized on MRI?
No. Despite the frequent development of clinical symptoms, no specific visualization signs of nerve involvement on MRI are observed during the administration of vincristine.
Does tumor marker monitoring replace diagnostic imaging?
No. In 33% of patients with disease progression, tumor markers remain within normal limits. Radiological monitoring is necessary even with a marker-negative status.
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