81 topics with concise breakdowns: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
Interventional radiology combines minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions performed under imaging guidance. The section covers basic skills—arterial puncture, introducer placement, and central venous access—as well as the principles of safe handling of radiopaque agents.
Endovascular surgery holds a central position. Topics include CT angiography, stent-graft placement for aneurysms and acute aortic syndrome, revascularization for lower extremity ischemia, and mesenteric thrombosis. A large section is dedicated to embolization and thrombolysis: from controlling gastrointestinal and obstetric bleeding to chemo- and radioembolization of liver tumors.
Non-vascular interventions include biopsy, tumor ablation, percutaneous biliary drainage, and drainage of abscesses and fluid collections. In urology, the focus is on nephrostomy, ureteral stenting, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Skeletal interventions are also described in detail, including radiofrequency ablation and epidural injections for spinal pain syndromes.
Safety is tested most rigorously during practical classes and exams: pre-procedure checklists, bleeding risk assessment, anticoagulant therapy correction, and response algorithms for contrast media complications.
Why is CT mandatory when lobar atelectasis is detected in adults?
The main goal of computed tomography in such cases is to search for the root cause of lung collapse. Most often, it is necessary to confirm or rule out the presence of an endobronchial or compressing space-occupying lesion.
Is endovascular treatment necessary for isolated femoropopliteal segment thrombosis?
No, modern clinical data do not confirm that interventional treatment (thrombolysis or stenting) at this level reliably reduces the incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome.
Why is multi-phase scanning often required in CT angiography?
A single-phase scan alone does not reliably differentiate contrast medium in the lumen from a fresh thrombus or calcifications. Multi-phase scanning is also required to detect late-filling endoleaks or slow gastrointestinal bleeding.
Why does CTA of the lower leg often show a non-existent occlusion?
The speed of modern scanning sometimes outpaces the movement of the contrast bolus through the vessels. To prevent this, in cases of slow blood flow, the scanner table speed is artificially slowed down.
In which case is gadolinium strictly contraindicated?
Gadolinium-based contrast agents should not be used in patients with severe renal impairment due to the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
How does the localization of stenosis differ between atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia?
An atherosclerotic plaque is almost always located at the ostium (proximally), whereas fibromuscular dysplasia affects the vessel distal to its origin.
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