24 concise topics with brief reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
This section covers two global issues in infectology: viral hepatitis and HIV infection. Here, we analyze acute viral hepatitis in detail — both enteric (A, E) and parenteral (B, C, D). You will study their differential diagnosis, prevention principles, and the life-threatening complication: acute hepatic encephalopathy. The HIV module covers the entire patient journey: from epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis to clinical stages, diagnostics, and modern treatment regimens.
In practical classes and exams, marker diagnostics of hepatitis (especially B and C) are traditionally the most frequently tested topics, as this forms the foundation of a physician's clinical reasoning. In the HIV topic, pay special attention to opportunistic diseases — these are precisely what you will encounter in specialized hospitals. Also, make sure to learn prevention algorithms: both post-exposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
What are the main pathogens causing viral-bacterial pneumonia in influenza?
Most frequently, viral-bacterial pneumonia in the early stages of influenza is associated with Staphylococcus aureus.
What changes in the complete blood count are typical for viral hepatitis?
Leukopenia (or normal leukocyte count), lymphomonocytosis, and delayed ESR.
The virus does not have a direct cytopathic effect. New virions are simply excreted from the cytoplasm into the bile, leaving the hepatocyte viable. Cell destruction occurs later due to the body's own immune system.
The virus does not have a direct cytopathic effect. New virions are excreted from the cytoplasm into the bile, leaving the cell intact. The death of infected hepatocytes is caused by an attack by the body's own immune system (CD8+ lymphocytes).
Which markers allow confirmation of acute viral hepatitis B?
To confirm the acute phase of HBV, the detection of the surface antigen HBsAg and specific class M antibodies to the core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) is used.
Why is testing for hepatitis D markers prescribed?
Screening for HDV markers (along with viruses A, B, and C) is a mandatory step to rule out coinfections and accurately verify the diagnosis of acute viral liver damage.
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