7 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
This section is dedicated to the fundamental principles of replacement and restoration of lost tissues. Here we analyze the basic processes of organism development (ontogenesis) and the mechanisms of its natural repair (regeneration). You will study the factors promoting healing, as well as the causes and consequences of regeneration disorders.
The core module covers biological barriers and organ transplantation methods. We examine in detail types of transplantation, working with stem cells, and explantation (tissue culture in vitro). Special attention is given to future perspectives of transplantology, including tissue engineering.
In practical classes and exams, the strictest questions are asked about transplantation immunity (rejection mechanisms and donor matching), as well as the classification of transplantation types (auto-, allo-, xeno-, and isogeneic transplantation). Focus on these topics during preparation to confidently answer your instructors' questions.
What is the fundamental difference between the growth of a benign and a malignant tumor?
A benign tumor grows by gently displacing healthy tissues without destroying them. A malignant tumor is characterized by infiltrative growth — it aggressively invades surrounding structures and destroys them.
Why is autotransplantation considered the most successful method?
In autotransplantation, the donor and recipient are the same organism. Due to this, there is no antigenic incompatibility, the immune system does not attack the tissues, and true engraftment occurs.
What is the root cause of transplanted organ rejection?
The main cause of rejection is a mismatch of specific histocompatibility antigens located on the surface of cells (in particular, on lymphocytes) of the donor and recipient.
What does the "Hayflick limit" mean with respect to stem cells?
This is a genetically programmed restriction on the number of somatic cell divisions. For stem cells, this limit ranges from 50 to 100 divisions.
What is ontogenesis in simple terms?
This is the entire life cycle of a particular organism from the moment of zygote formation (fusion of the egg and sperm) until death.
What is intracellular regeneration?
This is the process of restoring a cell's structure after the partial death of its components. It occurs through the proliferation (hyperplasia) of surviving organelles.
Master the entire topic in the "Biology" course
This is a summary. The course covers everything tested in classes and exams.
3,793 pages of study guides across all topics
Assignments and quizzes after every topic — just like in a colloquium