16 topics with concise breakdowns: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
Osteology is the foundation of anatomy. Without understanding axes, planes, and basic terminology, it is impossible to navigate the human body. In this section, we examine the general principles of bone structure and move on to the specific anatomy of the skeleton of the trunk and limbs.
The material covers all parts of the vertebral column (from the cervical vertebrae to the coccyx), the bones of the thorax (sternum and ribs), as well as the complete skeleton of the upper and lower extremities. You will study in detail the pectoral girdle, pelvis, long and spongy bones of the upper and lower limbs down to the small bones of the hand and foot.
During practical tests, instructors primarily ask you to orient a bone in space (determine right/left) and demonstrate its structures in Latin. Pay special attention to typical and atypical cervical vertebrae, the complex surfaces of the hip bone, as well as the tubercles and fossae of the humerus and femur. Properly positioning the anatomical specimen in your hands is already half the battle to a successful answer.
What is the difference between the sagittal and median planes?
The median plane (mediana) is a special case of the sagittal plane. It passes strictly through the center and divides the body into two symmetrical halves (right and left). Any other sagittal plane runs parallel to it, but divides the body into asymmetrical parts.
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton includes the structures of the central body axis (skull, spine, rib cage), while the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (including their girdles).
Why do the XI and XII thoracic vertebrae lack facets on their transverse processes?
The articular facet on the transverse process is required for articulation with the rib tubercle. The XI and XII ribs lack tubercles, and therefore the corresponding facets on the transverse processes of the T₁₁ and T₁₂ vertebrae are also absent.
How to distinguish any cervical vertebra from a thoracic or lumbar one?
The main distinguishing feature of all cervical vertebrae is the presence of a through transverse foramen (foramen transversarium) in the transverse process.
How does the costal process form during ontogenesis?
The costal process is formed during ontogenesis through the complete fusion of the rudimentary lumbar rib and the vertebra's own transverse process.
What is the sacral promontory and why is it clinically important?
The sacral promontory (promontorium) is an anteriorly projecting point on the anterior margin of the body of the first sacral vertebra. It serves as a crucial obstetric landmark when assessing the true conjugate and overall pelvic dimensions.
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