13 topics with concise reviews: definitions, key facts, and class questions.
The "Sense Organs" section in the human anatomy course is dedicated to a detailed study of the peripheral parts of analyzers, through which the body perceives environmental stimuli. The focus is on the highly complex anatomical structure of the eyeball, its refractive media, protective and accessory apparatus, as well as the blood supply and innervation systems of the visual organ.
The anatomy of the organ of hearing and balance is covered in equal detail: the external, middle, and internal ear, including the osseous and membranous labyrinths, as well as the neural pathways of the auditory and vestibular analyzers. The block concludes with topics dedicated to the peripheral part of the olfactory sensory system and the multi-layered structure of the skin as the main organ of general sensitivity.
During practical classes and exams, instructors most frequently demand flawless knowledge of the topography of eye and ear structures, the course of neural pathways, as well as the sources of blood supply and innervation of these anatomical formations.
In the region of the optic disc (discus nervi optici), where nerve fibers exit the eye, the retina completely lacks photoreceptors (rods and cones); therefore, this area does not perceive light.
How do the chambers of the eyeball communicate with each other?
The anterior (camera anterior bulbi) and posterior (camera posterior bulbi) chambers, filled with aqueous humor, communicate directly through the pupil.
Where is the major arterial circle of the iris formed?
It is formed by the long posterior ciliary arteries (aa. ciliares posteriores longae) and anterior ciliary arteries.
Which structure separates the eyeball from the walls of the orbit?
This function is performed by the fascial sheath of the eyeball (vagina bulbi), which is connected with the muscular fasciae and the sheaths of the optic nerve.
What layers does the eyelid consist of?
The eyelid consists of skin, loose subcutaneous tissue, the orbicularis oculi muscle, the tarsus of the eyelid, and the mucous membrane (palpebral conjunctiva).
What type of cartilage forms the framework of the auricle?
The framework of the auricle is formed by elastic cartilage covered with skin.
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