Anatomy tests with answers: 50 questions for exam preparation

The free part of the lower limb (pars libera membri inferioris) consists of the thigh, leg, and foot. The hip bone, sacrum, and coccyx belong to the pelvic bones and the pelvic girdle.

The trochlea of the humerus forms an articular surface that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna, forming the humeroulnar joint.

The soleus muscle originates from the soleal line (linea musculi solei), located on the posterior surface of the proximal epiphysis of the tibia.

The articular surface of the lateral malleolus of the fibula faces inward toward the talus, and is therefore located on its medial side.

Facies lunata (lunate surface) is the articular surface of the acetabulum of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur.

The frontal squama (squama frontalis) is an unpaired, largest part of the frontal bone, forming the anterior part of the cranial vault.

The pterygoid notch of the sphenoid bone is filled by the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, thereby closing the pterygoid fossa inferiorly.

The nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve) is formed by the union of the greater petrosal nerve, carrying parasympathetic fibers, and the deep petrosal nerve, consisting of sympathetic fibers.

The supratrochlear nerve and vessels exit the orbit into the frontal region through the frontal notch (or frontal foramen) located medial to the supraorbital notch.

The internal occipital crest descends from the internal occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum and contains a sulcus that accommodates the occipital venous sinus.

The connection of the wings of the vomer with the rostrum of the sphenoid bone is a schindylesis (peg-in-socket) — a special type of fibrous joint where the crest of one bone fits into the groove of another.

Schindylesis (peg-in-socket) is a type of fibrous joint in which the crest of one bone fits into a groove on another. A classic example is the articulation between the rostrum of the sphenoid bone and the wings of the vomer.

Fontanelles are formed by connective tissue and belong to syndesmoses, which are a variety of continuous fibrous joints of bones.

The intermetatarsal joints are plane, slightly movable articulations formed by the opposing side surfaces of the bases of the metatarsal bones.

Synchondroses of the skull base (e.g., spheno-occipital synchondrosis) provide longitudinal bone growth and normally ossify into synostoses by 18–20 years of age.

Initial shoulder abduction (first 15 degrees) is performed by the supraspinatus muscle. It is innervated by the suprascapular nerve (n. suprascapularis).

The adductor hallucis muscle is innervated by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve, which provides motor innervation to most deep muscles of the sole.

The trunks of the brachial plexus, heading toward the upper limb, pass through the lateral cervical region (in the scalene hiatus).

The vagus nerves form the anterior and posterior trunks, which descend along the esophageal walls and enter the abdominal cavity together with the esophagus through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

The external and internal intercostal muscles are autochthonous muscles of the chest and receive innervation from the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves — the intercostal nerves.

The pharynx is a tube whose wall is formed by a mucous membrane, fibrofascial layer, muscular layer, and adventitia. It lacks cartilaginous or bony elements.

The Latin term "caput" translates to "head", and "pancreas" translates to "pancreas".

The oropharynx is a continuation of the digestive tract; therefore, to protect against mechanical damage by food, its mucosa is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

The mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue receives general and gustatory sensory innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve, while the region of the tongue root near the epiglottis is innervated by the superior branch of the vagus nerve (n. laryngeus superior).

The angular notch is located on the lesser curvature of the stomach and serves as an anatomical landmark separating the body of the stomach from its pyloric part.

The cervix is divided into the upper supravaginal and lower vaginal parts. The vaginal part (portio vaginalis) projects freely into the vaginal lumen and is accessible for gynecological examination.

In anatomical nomenclature, the word "external" is translated as "externus", which directly indicates m. sphincter urethrae externus.

The perimetrium is the visceral layer of the peritoneum that covers the uterus externally and functions as its serous membrane.

The levator ani and coccygeus muscles, which form the pelvic diaphragm, are covered inferiorly (from the perineal side) by the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.

The vestibule of the vagina, bounded by the labia minora, contains the openings of the urethra, the vagina itself, as well as the excretory ducts of the greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands and lesser vestibular glands.

The left lumbar lymph nodes are located around the abdominal aorta; therefore, they are subdivided into lateral aortic, preaortic, and postaortic nodes. The right lumbar nodes are grouped around the inferior vena cava.

The bronchopulmonary lymph nodes are located directly in the hilum of the lung and in the region of the branching of the principal bronchi, draining lymph from the lung tissue.

The superior vena cava is formed by the confluence of the right and left brachiocephalic veins, collecting venous blood from the entire upper half of the body, including the walls and organs of the thoracic cavity.

The right superior intercostal vein collects blood from the II–IV right posterior intercostal veins and drains into the azygos vein where it arches over the root of the right lung.

The masseteric artery (a branch of the maxillary artery) passes through the mandibular notch and runs to the masseter muscle of the same name, supplying it with blood.

The spinal (sensory) ganglion is a cluster of pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies. It is always located along the course of the posterior (sensory) root of the spinal nerve.

The central canal of the spinal cord continues into the medulla oblongata, where it widens and opens into the cavity of the fourth ventricle.

The septomarginal fasciculus (Flechsig's fasciculus) belongs to the propriospinal tracts of the spinal cord, consists of descending branches of the posterior roots, and is located in the posterior funiculus immediately adjacent to the posterior median fissure.

The hippocampus and dentate gyrus are phylogenetically ancient structures of the brain and form the archicortex (old cortex).

The gracile fasciculus (fasciculus gracilis) runs medially in the posterior funiculi, adjacent to the posterior median sulcus, and carries proprioceptive sensation from the lower half of the body.

The cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve descends between the adductor muscles, pierces the fascia lata, and provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial thigh.

The uterovaginal plexus is a derivative of the inferior hypogastric plexus and gives off branches that penetrate the uterine wall, forming the intramural nerve network there.

The spinal cord terminates at the level of the L1–L2 vertebrae, below which the roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves lie in the subarachnoid space, forming the cauda equina.

The intercostal nerves from VII to XII leave the intercostal spaces and continue onto the anterior abdominal wall, providing motor innervation to its flat and rectus muscles.

The medial branches of the mammary gland arise from the anterior cutaneous branches of the II–IV intercostal nerves, providing sensory innervation to the medial part of the gland.

The hilum of the suprarenal gland is located on its anterior surface. The single central vein exits the organ through it and continues as the suprarenal vein (v. suprarenalis).

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), produced by the hypothalamus, acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

The infundibulum arises from the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus and continues into the pituitary stalk, providing anatomical and functional connection between these structures.

The central suprarenal vein leaves the organ through its hilum, located on the anterior surface of the gland.

The islets of Langerhans, which perform an endocrine function, are distributed throughout the pancreas, but their maximum density and number are observed precisely in the tail of the organ.