Diagnostic radiology test questions with answers: 50 questions for exam preparation

Surgical correction of truncus arteriosus typically involves placing a conduit (homograft) between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, as well as truncal valve repair. Over time, the homograft undergoes degeneration with stenosis or regurgitation, and neo-aortic (truncal) valve regurgitation often progresses, necessitating regular MRI monitoring.

Rhabdomyoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children, which characteristically appears on echocardiography as a hyperechoic nodular mass within the ventricular myocardium or interventricular septum. In contrast, papillary fibroelastomas typically affect the valve apparatus, while angiosarcomas are more frequently localized in the right atrium.

Ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography reflects partial filling of alveoli with content or thickening of interalveolar septa while maintaining visibility of internal vascular structures.

The described CT findings with isolated involvement of the middle lobe and lingular segments are characteristic of mycobacterial infection (most commonly Mycobacterium avium complex), which in elderly women without immunodeficiency is referred to as Lady Windermere syndrome.

In cases of unstable hemodynamics and patient non-transportability according to the advanced trauma life support (ATLS) protocol, only bedside examinations are performed: chest and pelvic radiography, as well as FAST ultrasound for rapid detection of life-threatening injuries.

A transient myocardial ischemic burden of more than 10% on SPECT is a high-risk criterion for cardiovascular events, which is a direct indication for invasive coronary angiography.

Unlike centrilobular emphysema in smokers, which predominantly affects the upper lung zones, panlobular emphysema due to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency classically localizes to the basal (lower) zones of the lungs.

Specific granulomatous infections of the stomach radiologically manifest as signs of severe inflammation simulating malignancy. They are characterized by thickening and rigidity of the folds, nodularity of the mucosal surface, and ulceration.

Administering contrast media under pressure in the presence of a stricture leads to overdistension of the bowel wall proximal to the narrowing. This creates a high risk of mechanical rupture (perforation) of the thinned or inflamed intestinal wall.

The portal venous phase is optimal for assessing contrast enhancement of the gallbladder wall and detecting areas of ischemia or necrosis in acute cholecystitis.

High-resolution manometry allows for a detailed assessment of esophageal peristalsis and sphincter function, making it the primary method for classifying motility disorders (e.g., according to the Chicago Classification).

In vasa previa, the vessels are fixed within the fetal membranes over the internal os; therefore, their location remains unchanged when the pregnant woman changes position, unlike mobile loops of the umbilical cord.

Magnetic resonance imaging provides the highest soft-tissue contrast among all imaging modalities. This allows for the most accurate visualization of the prostatic capsule and assessment of the extension of the purulent-inflammatory process into the surrounding periprostatic fat.

Contrast extravasation indicates ongoing arterial bleeding (often from a pseudoaneurysm associated with pancreatitis), for which endovascular embolization is a life-saving and minimally invasive method of choice.

According to the Essex-Lopresti classification, if the secondary fracture line of the calcaneus runs horizontally backward and exits through the posterior tuberosity, a tongue-shaped fragment is formed. Such a fracture is frequently accompanied by upward displacement of the fragment due to the pull of the Achilles tendon.

Stress radiography (with traction) allows visualization of instability and the degree of clavicle displacement in case of acromioclavicular joint ligament rupture, which is crucial for differentiating grade II and III injuries.

Smith's fracture is an intra-articular or extra-articular fracture of the distal radial metaphysis with palmar displacement of the fragment (in contrast to Colles' fracture, which has dorsal displacement).

Hemochromatosis arthropathy typically involves the metacarpophalangeal joints (especially the second and third) with the formation of characteristic hook-like osteophytes on the radial side of the metacarpal heads.

Labeled leukocyte scintigraphy has high specificity for inflammatory processes and is the standard radionuclide imaging method for differentiating aseptic loosening from periprosthetic joint infection.

Fluid levels in an aneurysmal bone cyst are formed due to the layering (sedimentation) of blood cells and serum within cavities containing uncoagulated blood.

Global coronal balance of the spine is assessed using a plumb line dropped from the center of the C7 vertebral body. If this line passes within less than 2 cm from the central vertical line of the sacrum, the scoliotic deformity is considered compensated.

MSCT has the best spatial resolution for assessing bone mineral density and the trabecular structure of vertebral bodies, which is critical for determining the risk of pathological fractures in multiple myeloma.

Among intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children, astrocytoma is the most common, while ganglioglioma ranks second in frequency.

Administration of a radiopaque contrast agent into the subarachnoid space followed by CT allows direct visualization of contrast extravasation beyond the dura mater and precise determination of the fistula location.

Magnetic resonance imaging provides the highest soft-tissue contrast, allowing the detection of bone marrow metastases before the destruction of the cortical layer, as well as accurate assessment of spinal cord and root compression.

The TLICS (Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score) scale is specifically designed to assess the severity of thoracolumbar junction injuries and helps determine indications for conservative or surgical treatment.

Although MRI is the gold standard in neuro-oncology, CT remains the method of choice in urgent situations to quickly rule out hemorrhage or herniation syndrome. CT also surpasses MRI in visualizing calcifications within the tumor structure and assessing the destruction of adjacent cranial bones.

An osteoma of the paranasal sinuses is a benign bone neoplasm visualized on CT as a homogeneous, sharply demarcated lesion with high density corresponding to compact bone.

Computed tomography has the highest sensitivity to dense structures, making it the gold standard for visualizing calcifications characteristic of craniopharyngiomas.

The hypoglossal nerve is purely motor and innervates all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus, which receives innervation from the vagus nerve.

Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-DSA) has the highest spatial resolution and allows rotation of the acquired image in any plane, which is critical for accurate assessment of the aneurysm neck morphology prior to endovascular embolization.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) manifests as multifocal alternating narrowings and dilations of arteries ("string-of-beads" appearance), which is visually indistinguishable from true vasculitis on angiograms.

Dynamic imaging requires repeated scanning of the same area to assess contrast uptake kinetics. Using MRI avoids the high radiation dose inherent in multiphase CT examinations.

Perfusion CT allows calculation of various pharmacokinetic parameters; the permeability-surface area product (PS) map is most sensitive to severe blood-brain barrier disruption characteristic of glioblastoma.

Destructive lesions in Langerhans cell histiocytosis often cause irregular thinning of the inner layer of the bone cortex, which appears on radiographs as endosteal scalloping.

On 2D radiographs (portal images), soft tissues are not visualized, so reliable bony landmarks such as the mandible and cervical spinous processes are used to monitor patient setup and detect head rotation.

Fat necrosis of the breast is characterized by the formation of oleogranulomas (fat cysts), the walls of which eventually calcify, forming typical eggshell calcifications with a radiolucent center.

The Ktrans parameter reflects capillary permeability and tissue perfusion, indicating the rate of transfer of the contrast agent from blood plasma into the extravascular extracellular space.

Stage 4S according to the INSS classification is defined specifically for infants in the first year of life. It is characterized by a localized primary tumor with metastasis strictly limited to the skin, liver, and/or bone marrow, and often has a favorable prognosis with the possibility of spontaneous regression.

Malignant choroid plexus carcinoma infiltrates surrounding brain tissue, unlike benign papilloma, which has clear, well-demarcated contours.

During normal brain development and myelination, the splenium of the corpus callosum becomes its thickest part, exceeding the genu and body in size.

Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space in infants can be complicated by asymptomatic subdural fluid collections, which resolve spontaneously and completely without a trace in the vast majority of cases within a few months.

Klein's line is drawn along the superior border of the femoral neck and should normally intersect the outer part (approximately 1/6) of the femoral head epiphysis; if the line misses the epiphysis entirely, it indicates slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE).

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) typically presents in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, is localized in the cortex (most commonly the temporal lobe), causes cortical expansion (bubbling), and usually does not enhance with contrast.

In neurofibromatosis, renal artery stenoses are caused by neurofibromatous tissue or vascular wall dysplasia, making them resistant to balloon angioplasty (PTA); therefore, open or endovascular surgical reconstruction becomes the method of choice.

Inadvertent injection of a corticosteroid suspension into a radicular artery (such as the artery of Adamkiewicz) leads to its embolization and spinal cord infarction, clinically manifested as paraplegia.

Percutaneous nephrostomy is classified as a procedure with a high bleeding risk; therefore, to restore platelet aggregation, clopidogrel must be discontinued 5 days before the procedure.

The described imaging findings correspond to a type II endoleak (retrograde blood flow from aortic branches). Since there is an increase in the aneurysm sac size, surgical treatment is indicated—transarterial or direct puncture embolization of the feeding vessel.

Diffuse peritonitis is an absolute indication for emergency surgery (laparotomy with peritoneal lavage), where percutaneous drainage is ineffective and contraindicated.

In the lower third of the neck, the internal jugular vein is typically located anterolaterally (anterior and lateral) relative to the common carotid artery. This topographic relationship is a key landmark for central venous catheterization.