Clavicle (Clavicula)
Anatomically, the clavicle (Clavicula) is an S-shaped curved tubular bone. The central part is designated as the body of the clavicle (corpus claviculae). On the inferior surface of the body runs the subclavian groove (sulcus musculi subclavii).
Two distinct ends of the clavicle are clearly defined:
- Medial, or sternal end (extremitas sternalis). It has a flattened shape and features the sternal articular surface (facies articularis sternalis), by means of which it articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum. At this end, the impression for the costoclavicular ligament (impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis) can also be found.
- Lateral, or acromial end (extremitas acromialis). This end is flat and bears the acromial articular surface (facies articularis acromialis) for articulation with the acromion of the scapula. Located here as well is the tuberosity of the coracoclavicular ligament (tuberositas ligamenti coracoclavicularis). It consists of two important elements: the conoid tubercle (tuberculum conoideum), which is the attachment site for the conoid ligament, and the trapezoid line (linea trapezoidea), the attachment site for the trapezoid ligament.
The surfaces of the bone differ significantly: the superior surface (facies superior) is completely smooth, whereas the inferior surface (facies inferior) is rough due to the attached ligamentous apparatus. The primary function of the clavicle is to connect the upper limb to the trunk and provide bony support for muscles.
Scapula (Scapula): borders, angles, and surfaces
The scapula (Scapula) is a flat bone of characteristic triangular shape. In the human body, it lies in the frontal plane.
For precise anatomical description, three borders are distinguished on the scapula:
- 内侧缘（margo medialis）。
- Lateral border (margo lateralis).
- Superior border (margo superior).
Corresponding to the borders, the bone has three angles: superior angle (angulus superior), inferior angle (angulus inferior), and lateral angle (angulus lateralis).
The surfaces of the scapula bear important anatomical structures. The anterior surface, also called the costal surface (facies costalis seu anterior), contains a vast subscapular fossa (fossa subscapularis). The posterior surface (facies posterior) has a more complex structure—it is divided by a prominent bony ridge, the spine of the scapula (spina scapulae). This spine divides the posterior surface into two isolated zones: the supraspinous fossa (fossa supraspinata), located superiorly, and the infraspinous fossa (fossa infraspinata), lying inferior to the spine.
Processes and articular formations of the scapula
The scapula possesses a number of processes and articular elements that are critically important for the mobility of the entire shoulder girdle.
- Acromion (acromion) is a large process bearing the articular surface for articulation with the clavicle (facies articularis clavicularis).
- Coracoid process (processus coracoideus) projects forward and lies anterior to the glenoid cavity.
Between the coracoid process and the acromion lies the scapular notch (incisura scapulae). An interesting anatomical variation: sometimes this notch can be bridged by a bony bar, forming the scapular foramen (foramen scapulae).
主要的关节结构是关节盂（cavitas glenoidalis），它是肩胛骨与肱骨连接的部位。关节盂的周围环绕着一个略微狭窄的区域——肩胛颈（collum scapulae）。关节盂上方是关节上结节（tuberculum supraglenoidale），其正下方则是关节下结节（tuberculum infraglenoidale）。
简述：主题相关问答
Which ligaments and muscles attach to the clavicle and scapula?
The following ligaments and muscles attach to the bones of the pectoral girdle:
- Costoclavicular ligament (ligamentum costoclaviculare) leaves an impression on the sternal end of the clavicle.
- Coracoclavicular ligament (ligamentum coracoclaviculare) connects the coracoid process of the scapula with the distal end of the clavicle, including the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.
- Acromioclavicular ligament is located inside the acromioclavicular joint and surrounds it.
- Levator scapulae muscle (m. levator scapulae) attaches to the superior angle of the scapula.
- Omohyoid muscle (m. omohyoideus) originates from the superior border of the scapula and attaches to the clavicle via an intermediate tendon.
- Pectoralis minor muscle (m. pectoralis minor) attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula.
How to easily determine the side of the bone? For the clavicle: position the sternal end medially, the acromial end laterally, and direct the smooth superior surface upwards. For the scapula: locate the posterior surface (with the spine and fossae), the superior border (key to the acromion and notch), and the lateral angle by the glenoid cavity.
课堂与考试常见问题
What type of bone does the clavicle belong to?
The clavicle is an S-shaped curved tubular bone.
What divides the posterior surface of the scapula?
The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by the spine of the scapula (spina scapulae) into two parts: the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.
Where is the glenoid cavity of the scapula located and what is its purpose?
The glenoid cavity (cavitas glenoidalis) is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It serves as the site of movable connection with the humerus.
该主题的其他拓展内容
- Detailed study of the coracoclavicular ligament tuberosity: conoid tubercle and trapezoid line
- Subclavian groove and impression of the costoclavicular ligament on the body of the clavicle
- Boundaries and contents of the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae of the scapula
- Anatomical variations of the scapular notch and formation of the scapular foramen
- Supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles: topography relative to the neck of the scapula
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