Head and face
The head in English is head. Inside the skull (skull) is the brain (головной мозг), which is responsible for thinking. The head is covered on top by hair. The front upper part of the face is called the forehead (лоб).
The following structures are distinguished on the face (face):
- eyes — eyes, the organ of vision;
- nose — nose, the organ of smell;
- mouth — mouth, involved in eating and speech;
- lips — lips, surrounding the oral aperture;
- teeth — teeth and tongue — tongue inside the oral cavity;
- cheeks — cheeks on the sides of the face;
- ears — ears, the organ of hearing;
- chin — chin and jaw — jaw.
Upper body
Between the head and the torso is the neck (шея). On the anterior surface of the upper body is the chest (грудная клетка), under the skin of which the ribs are palpable — the ribs, forming a protective framework for the internal organs (internal organs): the heart and lungs.
Below the chest is the abdomen (живот) with the navel — navel (or belly button). On the posterior surface of the torso is the back (спина), and its lower part is the lower back (поясница). In women, the breasts — mammary glands — are located on the anterior chest wall.
Upper limbs
The upper limb in English is upper limb or arm. The connection with the torso forms the shoulder (плечевой сустав). The arm as a segment of the limb is the upper arm, and its muscles are the biceps and triceps.
Between the upper arm and forearm is the elbow joint — elbow. The forearm is the forearm, which connects to the hand via the wrist joint — wrist. The hand is called the hand.
Each hand has five fingers — fingers:
- thumb — thumb;
- index finger — index finger;
- middle finger — middle finger;
- ring finger — ring finger;
- little finger (pinky) — little finger.
Each finger ends with a nail — nail.
Lower torso and lower limbs
In the lower part of the trunk, on the sides, are the hips (thighs at the hip joint region). Between them are the reproductive organs: the penis in men and the vagina in women. Posteriorly are the buttocks.
Lower limb — lower limb or leg. The upper segment is — thigh (thigh), then the knee joint — knee. The shin is — shin anteriorly and calf posteriorly. The ankle joint — ankle — connects the leg to the foot (foot, pl. feet). Each foot has five toes — toes; the largest is — big toe, the smallest is — little toe. A toe also has a toenail.
Anatomical regions and surfaces
When describing body parts, designations of sides and surfaces are used:
- front / back — anterior and posterior surfaces;
- left / right side — left and right sides;
- palm — palm; back of the hand — dorsum of the hand;
- sole — sole of the foot; top of the foot — dorsum of the foot;
- upper / lower body — upper and lower halves of the body.
These landmarks are used when describing patient complaints and the localization of pain (pain) in medical English.
Key points
- Head — head; main facial structures: forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, chin, jaw.
- Chest — chest, ribs — ribs, abdomen — abdomen, back — back.
- The upper limb includes the shoulder, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand.
- Names of the fingers of the hand: thumb, index, middle, ring, little finger.
- Lower limb: thigh, knee, shin/calf, ankle, foot with toes.
- Big toe — big toe, little toe — little toe.
- To describe localization, the terms front, back, palm, sole, upper, and lower body are used.
- Knowing basic anatomical vocabulary in English is the foundation for further study of the patient history and clinical examination.