Cardiovascular system
Circulatory system (or cardiovascular system) ensures the circulation of blood throughout the body. The central organ is the heart, which pumps blood through the vascular bed.
Key types of blood vessels:
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart to tissues;
- Veins return blood to the heart;
- Capillaries are the smallest vessels where gas and nutrient exchange takes place.
Respiratory system
Respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange. Air passes sequentially through the anatomical structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
- Nose and nasal cavity;
- Pharynx;
- Larynx;
- Trachea, dividing into two main bronchi;
- Main bronchi (left and right);
- Bronchioles;
- Alveoli, the functional units of respiration;
- Lungs (left and right lung).
Nervous system and sense organs
Nervous system is divided into two parts:
- Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord;
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): nerves and ganglia.
Nerves are subdivided into cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves.
Sensory organs include: eyes (sight — to see), ears (hearing — to hear), tongue (taste), as well as nose (smell) and skin (touch).
Digestive system
Digestive system begins at the oral cavity and ends at the anus. Digestion is a sequential process of mechanical and chemical food processing.
- Mouth (oral cavity), containing teeth, tongue, lips, and gums;
- Pharynx;
- Esophagus, leading to the stomach;
- Stomach;
- Small intestine and large intestine;
- Rectum and anus.
Digestive organs also include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Urinary system
Urinary system is responsible for blood filtration and excretion of urine (urine).
- Kidneys, where urine is formed;
- Ureters, conducting urine to the bladder;
- Urinary bladder, the reservoir for urine;
- Urethra, through which urine is excreted from the body.
Endocrine system
Endocrine system consists of glands that produce hormones, regulating the function of numerous organs and tissues.
- Pituitary gland;
- Pineal gland;
- Thyroid gland;
- Parathyroid glands;
- Adrenal glands;
- Pancreas (has an endocrine function);
- Testes and ovaries (gonads).
Reproductive system
Female reproductive system includes internal and external organs:
- Ovaries;
- Fallopian tubes;
- Uterus;
- Vagina;
- Labia and clitoris (external genitalia).
Male reproductive system:
- Testes;
- Epididymis;
- Vas deferens (ductus deferens);
- Seminal vesicles;
- Prostate;
- Penis and scrotum (external genitalia).
Key points
- Cardiovascular system: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries.
- The pathway of air during breathing: nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
- Nervous system is divided into CNS (brain, spinal cord) and PNS (nerves, ganglia).
- Digestive tract: mouth → esophagus → stomach → small and large intestine → rectum → anus.
- Urination pathway: kidneys → ureters → bladder → urethra.
- Main endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads.
- Knowledge of English anatomical terms is essential for reading medical literature and clinical communication.